How Cells Function 2.1 Chemical reactions take place inside cells. 2.2 CHAPTER How Cells Function the BIG idea All cells need energy and materials for life processes. 2.1 Chemical reactions take place inside cells. 2.2 Cells capture and release energy. 2.3 Materials move across the cell’s membranes. CHAPTER OUTLINE

Chemical reactions take place inside cells. 2.1 Chemical reactions take place inside cells. All cells are made of the same elements. Cells contain four types of large molecules— chemical reaction carbohydrates, carbohydrate lipid protein nucleic acid carbohydrates SECTION OUTLINE

Chemical reactions take place inside cells. 2.1 Chemical reactions take place inside cells. All cells are made of the same elements. Cells contain four types of large molecules— chemical reaction carbohydrates, carbohydrate lipids lipid protein nucleic acid lipids SECTION OUTLINE

Chemical reactions take place inside cells. 2.1 Chemical reactions take place inside cells. All cells are made of the same elements. Cells contain four types of large molecules— chemical reaction carbohydrates, carbohydrate lipids , proteins lipid protein nucleic acid proteins SECTION OUTLINE

Chemical reactions take place inside cells. 2.1 Chemical reactions take place inside cells. All cells are made of the same elements. Cells contain four types of large molecules— chemical reaction carbohydrates, carbohydrate , and nucleic acids—that support cell function. lipids , proteins lipid About two thirds of every cell is water. The properties of water are important to cell function. protein nucleic acid nucleic acids SECTION OUTLINE

2.1 chemical reaction Chemical reactions take place inside cells. carbohydrate lipid The process by which chemical changes occur. In a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged, and chemical bonds are broken and formed. protein nucleic acid KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.1 carbohydrate Chemical reactions take place inside cells. lipid A type of carbon-based molecule in living things. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches used for energy or as structural materials. Carbohydrate molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. protein nucleic acid KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.1 lipid Chemical reactions take place inside cells. carbohydrate lipid A type of carbon-based molecule in living things. Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes used for energy or as structural materials. Lipids are made up of subunits of fatty acids. protein nucleic acid KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.1 protein Chemical reactions take place inside cells. carbohydrate lipid A macromolecule in living things that is made up of smaller molecules called amino acids. Proteins control the chemical activity of a cell and support growth and repair. protein nucleic acid KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.1 nucleic acid Chemical reactions take place inside cells. carbohydrate lipid One of several carbon-based molecules that carry an organism’s genetic code. One of the nucleic acids (DNA) contains the information needed to construct proteins. RNA, a second type of nucleic acid, translates the information into proteins. protein nucleic acid KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Cells capture and release energy. 2.2 Cells capture and release energy. All cells need energy. Some cells capture light energy through photosynthesis. All cells release chemical energy from glucose. chemical energy glucose Cellular respiration and fermentation are two ways that cells release energy from glucose. photosynthesis Light Energy oxygen glucose Photosynthesis chlorophyll carbon dioxide Cellular Respiration water Chemical Energy cellular respiration fermentation SECTION OUTLINE

2.2 chemical energy Cells capture and release energy. glucose Energy that is stored in the chemical composition of matter. The amount of chemical energy in a substance depends on the types and arrangement of its atoms. When wood or gasoline burns, chemical energy produces heat. The energy used by the cells in your body comes from chemical energy in the foods you eat. photosynthesis chlorophyll cellular respiration fermentation KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.2 glucose Cells capture and release energy. chemical energy glucose glucose A sugar molecule that is a major energy source for most cells, produced by the process of photosynthesis. photosynthesis chlorophyll cellular respiration fermentation KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.2 photosynthesis Cells capture and release energy. chemical energy photosynthesis glucose The process by which green plants and other producers use simple compounds and energy from light to make sugar, an energy-rich compound. This is an endothermic process in which light is absorbed and used to change carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. photosynthesis chlorophyll cellular respiration fermentation KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.2 chlorophyll Cells capture and release energy. chemical energy chlorophyll glucose A light-absorbing chemical, a pigment, that traps the energy in sunlight and converts it to chemical energy. Found in chloroplasts of plant cells and the cells of other photosynthetic organisms. photosynthesis chlorophyll cellular respiration fermentation KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.2 cellular respiration Cells capture and release energy. chemical energy cellular respiration glucose A process in which cells use oxygen to release energy stored in sugars. photosynthesis chlorophyll cellular respiration fermentation KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.2 fermentation Cells capture and release energy. chemical energy fermentation glucose A chemical process by which cells release energy from sugar when no oxygen is present. photosynthesis chlorophyll cellular respiration fermentation KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Materials move across the cell’s membranes. 2.3 Materials move across the cell’s membranes. Passive transport is the movement of materials from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion and osmosis are examples of passive transport. diffusion passive transport osmosis active transport Equal amounts of oxygen move into and out of the cell. SECTION OUTLINE

Materials move across the cell’s membranes. 2.3 Materials move across the cell’s membranes. Passive transport is the movement of materials from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion and osmosis are examples of passive transport. diffusion passive transport Active transport is the movement of materials from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Cells need energy to perform active transport. osmosis active transport energy salt inside cell SECTION OUTLINE

2.3 diffusion Materials move across the cell’s membranes. passive transport The tendency of a substance to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. osmosis active transport KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.3 passive transport Materials move across the cell’s membranes. diffusion passive transport passive transport The movement of materials through a membrane without any input of energy. osmosis active transport KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.3 osmosis Materials move across the cell’s membranes. diffusion osmosis passive transport The movement of water through a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. osmosis active transport KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.3 active transport Materials move across the cell’s membranes. diffusion active transport passive transport The process of using energy to move materials through a membrane. osmosis active transport KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.1 Chemical reactions take place inside cells. I. Chemical reactions take place inside cells. chemical reaction A. All cells are made of the same elements. carbohydrate B. Large molecules support cell function. lipid 1. Carbohydrates protein 2. Lipids nucleic acid 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids C. About two thirds of every cell is water. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Cells capture and release energy. 2.2 Cells capture and release energy. II. Cells capture and release energy. chemical energy A. All cells need energy. glucose B. Some cells capture light energy. photosynthesis C. All cells release energy. chlorophyll 1. Cellular Respiration cellular respiration 2. Fermentation fermentation 3. Energy and Exercise KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Materials move across the cell’s membranes. 2.3 Materials move across the cell’s membranes. III. Materials move across the cell’s membranes. diffusion A. Some materials move by diffusion. passive transport 1. Concentration osmosis 2. Diffusion in Cells active transport 3. Osmosis B. Some transport requires energy. 1. Active Transport 2. Endocytosis 3. Exocytosis C. Cell size affects transport. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY