Ballast Water Developments International Chamber of Shipping Tripartite 2008

Ballast Water Regulations - IMO MEPC 31, July 1991 Adopts MEPC 50 (31) “Guidelines for Preventing the Introduction of Unwanted Organisms and Pathogens from Ship’s Ballast Water and Sediment Discharges IMO A.18, Nov 1993 Adopts Res. A.774(18) “Guidelines for Preventing the Introduction of Unwanted Organisms and Pathogens from Ship’s Ballast Water and Sediment Discharges” IMO A.20, Nov 1997 Adopts Res. A.860(20) “Guidelines for the Control and management of Ship’s Ballast Water to Minimise the Transfer of Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens” Dip Conf Feb 2004 Adopts “International Convention for the Control and management of Ship’s Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004”

Ballast Water Management Convention, 2004 Progress toward Entry into Force   Criteria: 30 States representing 35% world ’ s GT   Currently: 16 States representing 14.24%  Liberia  Barbados, Egypt, France, Kenya, Kiribati, Liberia, Norway, Maldives, Mexico, Nigeria, Norway, Saint Kitts and Nevis, South Africa, Spain, Syrian Arab Republic and Tuvalu

Status of BW Convention Guidelines 15 Guidelines completed 15 Guidelines completed Port State Control Guidelines under development Port State Control Guidelines under development No further impediment to ratification? No further impediment to ratification?

Practical Considerations ~50,000 existing vessels require BW Treatment Systems over 7 years ~50,000 existing vessels require BW Treatment Systems over 7 years New building rate ~1400/year New building rate ~1400/year Manufacturing capacity? Manufacturing capacity?

25 th IMO Assembly (Nov 07) Assembly Resolution A.1005(25) Assembly Resolution A.1005(25) A ship constructed in 2009 will not be required to comply with regulation D-2 until its second annual survey, but no later than 31 Dec A ship constructed in 2009 will not be required to comply with regulation D-2 until its second annual survey, but no later than 31 Dec 2011.

MEPC 58 (October 08) Too early to make a judgment …. …… reconsider at MEPC 59 (July 2009) …… reconsider at MEPC 59 (July 2009)

Technologies Presented to IMO for G9 Type Approval

BW Treatment Carriage Requirement Ballast Capacity (m3) Build Date <1500<2009 D1 or D2 D2 In 2009 Meet D2 by 2 nd Annual Survey, but not later than 31 Dec 2011 >2009D2 >1500or<5000 < 2009 D1 or D2 D2 In 2009 Meet D2 by 2 nd Annual Survey, but not later than 31 Dec 2011 >2009D2 >5000<2012 D1 or D2 D2 > 2012 D2

Thank You

Status of BW Convention Guidelines GuidelineStatus IMO Adoption Guidelines for sediments reception facilities (G1) Completed, Adopted MEPC 55 Guidelines for Ballast Water Sampling (G2) Under development, BWWG at BLG 12. Adopted MEPC 58 Guidelines for ballast water management equivalent compliance (G3) Completed Adopted MEPC 53 Guidelines for Ballast Water Management and Development of Ballast Water Management Plans (G4) Convention Completed Adopted MEPC 53 Guidelines for ballast water reception facilities (G5) Completed Adopted MEPC 55 Guidelines for Ballast Water Exchange (G6) Completed Adopted MEPC 53 Guidelines for Risk Assessment under Regulation A-4 (G7) Completed Adopted MEPC 56 Guidelines for approval of Ballast Water Management Systems (G8) Completed Adopted MEPC 53 Revision Adopted MEPC 58 Procedure for Approval of Ballast Water Management Systems that make use of Active Substances (G9) Completed Adopted MEPC 53 Guidelines for approval and oversight of prototype ballast water treatment technology programes (G10) Completed Adopted MEPC 54 Guidelines for Ballast Water Exchange Design and Construction Standards (G11) Completed Adopted MEPC 55 Guidelines for sediment control on ships (G12) Completed Adopted MEPC 55 Guidelines for additional measures including emergency situations (G13) Referred to BLG 11, Completed Adopted MEPC 56 Guidelines on designation of areas for ballast water exchange (G14) Completed Adopted MEPC 55 Guidelines for Port State Control FSI 15 Correspondence Group Adoption MEPC 60 ??

Treatment Options Filtration – Sediment and particles removed by disc or screen filters – Self-cleaning procedures – waste stream directly discharged overboard – filtration grades down to 100/50/20 microns. Filters create back pressure (rapidly increasing for small filtration grades)– self-cleaning procedures reduce flow rates (high sediment loads) Filtration – Sediment and particles removed by disc or screen filters – Self-cleaning procedures – waste stream directly discharged overboard – filtration grades down to 100/50/20 microns. Filters create back pressure (rapidly increasing for small filtration grades)– self-cleaning procedures reduce flow rates (high sediment loads) Cyclonic Separation (Hydro Cyclone) – Acceleration of the water by rotational flow inside the cyclone – Separation of solids due to centrifugal forces – only particles with a specific gravity less than water can be separated. Cyclonic Separation (Hydro Cyclone) – Acceleration of the water by rotational flow inside the cyclone – Separation of solids due to centrifugal forces – only particles with a specific gravity less than water can be separated.

Treatment Options Cavitation/Ultrasound – Venturi pipes generate cavitation bubbles that implode and disrupt the cell walls of organisms/ External creation of ultra-sound applied to BW – Cavitation units create back pressure – additional high frequency noise – difficult to develop control instruments. Cavitation/Ultrasound – Venturi pipes generate cavitation bubbles that implode and disrupt the cell walls of organisms/ External creation of ultra-sound applied to BW – Cavitation units create back pressure – additional high frequency noise – difficult to develop control instruments. Coagulation, Flocculation – Addition of coagulants to ballast water that facilitate creation of flocs to remove by filtration or magnetic separation – storage tank for additives needed - sludge tank for separated flocs required – time consuming process Coagulation, Flocculation – Addition of coagulants to ballast water that facilitate creation of flocs to remove by filtration or magnetic separation – storage tank for additives needed - sludge tank for separated flocs required – time consuming process De-oxygenation/Gas super-saturation – removal of disolved oxygen in BW and replacement by inactive gases (e.g. N, CO 2 ) – time consuming process – controlled atmosphere in tanks needed to avoid re-oxygenation (P/V valves required) De-oxygenation/Gas super-saturation – removal of disolved oxygen in BW and replacement by inactive gases (e.g. N, CO 2 ) – time consuming process – controlled atmosphere in tanks needed to avoid re-oxygenation (P/V valves required)

Treatment Options Electrolysis/Electro-chlorination – Electric current applied to BW within an electrolytic chamber – sodium chloride is split into active Chlorine which disinfects the water – only applicable in water with salt content– creation of unwanted by-products dependant upon applied current and electrodes used– Neutralization component required which may require carriage of chemicals. Electrolysis/Electro-chlorination – Electric current applied to BW within an electrolytic chamber – sodium chloride is split into active Chlorine which disinfects the water – only applicable in water with salt content– creation of unwanted by-products dependant upon applied current and electrodes used– Neutralization component required which may require carriage of chemicals. Ozone – Ozone is produced on board and injected into the BW as a disinfectant – Unwanted by-products may be produced. Ozone – Ozone is produced on board and injected into the BW as a disinfectant – Unwanted by-products may be produced. Chemical additives – Direct addition of a chemical that has disinfectant properties to the BW – Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), Peracetic acid (Peraclean), Chlorine, Chlorine Dioxide, Vitamin K (SeaKleen) – Dosing requires careful adjustment, storage required, holding time in tank may be required. Chemical additives – Direct addition of a chemical that has disinfectant properties to the BW – Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), Peracetic acid (Peraclean), Chlorine, Chlorine Dioxide, Vitamin K (SeaKleen) – Dosing requires careful adjustment, storage required, holding time in tank may be required.

Treatment Options UV radiation – Amalgam lamps surrounded by quartz sleeves produce UV radiation – UV light attacks/breaks cell membrane of organisms and pathogens – efficacy dependant upon turbidity (sediments) – UV lamps need to be maintained. UV radiation – Amalgam lamps surrounded by quartz sleeves produce UV radiation – UV light attacks/breaks cell membrane of organisms and pathogens – efficacy dependant upon turbidity (sediments) – UV lamps need to be maintained. UV radiation with catalyst T i O 2 – UV light acting with the catalyst Titanium Dioxide create free hydroxyl radicals (OH (-) ions) that disrupt the cell membrane – Efficacy dependant upon turbidity of BW – UV lights need to be maintained UV radiation with catalyst T i O 2 – UV light acting with the catalyst Titanium Dioxide create free hydroxyl radicals (OH (-) ions) that disrupt the cell membrane – Efficacy dependant upon turbidity of BW – UV lights need to be maintained