Spring 2012 Final Exam Review Gateways to Biology

Ch 3.1 – Solar Energy Transformations What is the chemical reaction for photosynthesis? sun 6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Ch 3.1 – Solar Energy Transformations What are the reactants of photosynthesis? carbon dioxide & water What are the products of photosynthesis? glucose (sugar) & oxygen

Ch 3.1 – Solar Energy Transformations What is the specialized tube in plants called that carries water from the roots to the rest of the plant? xylem

Ch 3.1 – Solar Energy Transformations Identify three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis and explain the effect of each. Amount of light Amount of water Temperature Access To CO2

Ch 3.2 – Energy Transformations in Ecosystems What do the arrows represent in a food chain? the direction of the transfer of energy

Ch 3.2 – Energy Transformations in Ecosystems Describe how much energy gets passed from one energy level to another in a food chain. 10% of the available energy 90% of the energy is used and released a s heat

Producers – transform light energy into usable chemical energy (sugars) consumers – consume 10% of the available energy from the previous trophic level decomposers – consume 10% of the available energy from any of the trophic levels in a food chain

What is function of bacteria in ecosystem? To fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into the soil for the plants to use.

Ultimate source of energy in any food chain is

Ch 3.3 – Energy in Foods What is the chemical formula for high energy sugar (glucose)? C6H12O6

Ch 3.3 – Energy in Foods Fiber in a healthy diet is supplied by which nutrient? carbohydrates

How is the energy available in food measured? Burning it and measuring the change in temperature in water

What is a calorie? The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1˚ Celsius

Ch 3.4 – Transforming Food Energy in Usable Nutrients Where does digestion begin? the mouth (with amylase)

Ch 3.4 – Transforming Food Energy in Usable Nutrients What is the function of the large intestine? reabsorbs water

Ch 3.4 – Transforming Food Energy in Usable Nutrients What kind of proteins catalyze (speed up) metabolic reactions in the body? enzymes

Ch 3.4 – Transforming Food Energy in Usable Nutrients Name the organs of the digestive system that food passes through in the proper order and describe the function of each organ. 1. mouth: chewing, mech. and chem. digestion 2. Esophagus: transports food bolus to stomach

Ch 3.4 – Name the organs of the digestive system that food passes through… 3. Stomach: mech and chem digestion 4. Small Intestine: absorption of nutrients 5. Large Intestine: reabsorption of water 6. Rectum: wastes exit body

What is the function of the villi in the small intestine? The villi are the site of nutrient absorbtion and increase the surface area of the small intestine in order to maximize the amount of nutrients being absorbed

Function of pancreas? Makes enzymes to digest foods, such as starch (amylase) Produces a substance to neutralize stomach acid

What is the enzyme found in saliva that breaks down carbohydrates? amylase

3.5 Cellular Respiration and Energy Transformations What are the steps in the process of cellular respiration? 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. electron transport chain

Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Krebs cycle (aka citric acid cycle) Electron transport chain

How does the body maintain homeostasis when the concentration of carbon dioxide increases? The body will continue to break down glucose (glycolysis) without oxygen in order to make ATP lactic acid builds up in muscles and keeps them from contracting resulting in muscle fatigue

In the presence of oxygen how many net ATP molecules will one glucose molecule produce? 38 total

Air is forced into the lungs by the contraction of what? The diaphragm

Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life Why is DNA known as the molecule of life? Because it contains the hereditary material (DNA).

Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life What is the base pairing rule for DNA? thymine pairs with adenine cytosine pairs with guanine

Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life What is the structure of DNA? double helix

Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life Which enzyme links nucleotides to the open strand of DNA? DNA polymerase

Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life What makes up the backbone of DNA? sugar and phosphates

Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life What is the sequence that complements the DNA sequence ATGCCATGC? TACGGTACG

Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life Why does DNA unzip and separate into single strands to form two identical copies? To ensure that each new cell has exact copies of genetic material.

Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division What takes place in prophase? Nuclear membrane breaks down. DNA condenses Centrioles divide and move toweards opposite sides of the cell Spindle fibers form between the centrioles

Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replicate? S phase (synthesis)

Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division Chromatids attach to each other at what? centromere

Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division In which phase of the cell cycle does the nucleus divide through a series of steps? Mitosis

Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division Be able to identify pictures of the phases of mitosis.

Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division What kind of cell is an undifferentiated cell that can become almost any type of cell in the body? stem cell

Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division What is the process where unspecialized cells develop into adult cells? cell differentiation

Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division What is the best surface area to volume ratio for moving materials into and out of cells? 6:1 (largest ratio)

Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development What are the two plant hormones that stimulate growth? auxins and giberrellins

Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development What is the function of apical meristem tissues? New cells are added along the tips of root and stems that elongate and differentiate into other tissues.

Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development Know the parts of a cross-section diagram of a leaf.

Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development What is the structure on roots that increases the surface area for water absorption in plants? root hairs

Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development What are some characteristics of seeds that require animals for dispersal? That require the wind for dispersal? That require water for dispersal?

Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development What are some characteristics of a plant that survives in a dry environment? types of leaves, types of roots, modifications to stems

Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development After seeds have soaked in water for several days, a root emerges from the enlarged seeds. What conclusion can be made from this observation? Energy stored in seeds is activated and used to grow roots to anchor the plant and establish a system for obtaining water.

What structure regulates movement of gases in and out of leaves? stomata

Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction Why do flowers have more pollen grains than ovules in the ovary? Because the pollen grains have to travel to the ovary.

Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis? The results of meiosis provide a greater variety of genetic outcomes while mitosis produces a clone of the original cell.

Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction The male and female reproductive systems are similar in several ways. Which pair of organs is most similar in structure and function? vas deferens to fallopian tube

Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction Why are gametes haploid? Haploid gametes maintain the species’ chromosome number during fertilization.

Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction Which reproductive organs play a role in both the reproductive and endocrine systems? ovaries and testes

Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction Which reproductive organ functions to protect fertilized ova? ovary

Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction What is an advantage of asexual reproduction? Energy is conserved because production of gametes is not required.

Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction Explain the similarities and differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. Include examples of both in your response. Similar – both produce new organisms Different – asexual produces exact copy of parent; sexual requires haploid gametes from 2 parents for a new individual

Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction Explain the similarities and differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. Include examples of both in your response. Examples: Asexual: budding, fission. Sexual: pollination, fertilization.

Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis What is the sequence of mRNA bases for the correct transcription of the DNA sequence 5’GGGACATGATTCGCC3’? 3’CCCUGUACUAAGCGG5’

Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis What is the role or job of tRNA in protein synthesis? tRNA bring amino acids to the ribosomes to help make proteins.

Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis What is the type of mutation represented by the amino acid sequence below? Correct sequence:Leucine – Alanine – Glycine – Leucine Mutated sequence:Leucine – Alanine – Valine – Substitution

Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis Which series of amino acids is the correct translation of the mRNA molecule represented here - 3’CCU AAA AGU GCA5’? proline, lysine, serine, alanine

Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis Translate the following DNA strand to determine the correct order of amino acids - 5’CGG CAA TTT AAC3’. alanine, valine, lysine, leucine

Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis A gene represented by the DNA strand 5’AGA GGG CCA AAT3’ undergoes a mutation. Which type of mutation would have the greatest affect on a person’s health? the more codons affected, the more the affect on the final protein

Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis Which molecule transcribes the code for proteins? mRNA molecule

Ch. 5.2 – Genetics If the letters P and p represent alleles of the same gene, then a cat with the genotype Pp would be considered what? Heterozygous or hybrid

Ch. 5.2 – Genetics What is Mendel’s law of segregation? Parent alleles separate into different gametes during meiosis.

Ch. 5.2 – Genetics What is the phenotypic ratio of the F1 monohybrid cross of two heterozygotes? 3:1

Ch. 5.2 – Genetics In pea plants, tallness is dominant over shortness and yellow seed color is dominant over green seed color. If pea plants that are heterozygous for tallness and heterozygous for seed coat color is crossed, what are the possible alleles in the gametes? TY, Ty, tY, ty

Ch. 5.3 – Human Genetics Skin color and eye color are examples of what type of inheritance? polygenic traits

Ch. 5.3 – Human Genetics In snapdragons, R represents red flowers and r represents white flowers. In the cross RR x rr, all of the offspring have pink flowers. What is this pattern of inheritance? incomplete dominance

Ch. 6.1 – Natural Selection What is natural selection? Natural selection determines which phenotypes in a population support survival.

Ch. 6.1 – Natural Selection Survival of the populations of organisms hinges on adequate supplies of food, water and shelter. What would limit available resources? competition

Ch. 6.1 – Natural Selection Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship between two species that supports survival of both species. What is an example of a mutual relationship? bees pollinate flowering plants

Ch. 6.1 – Natural Selection How are traits for camouflage and mimicry are result of natural selection? Predators recognize, hunt and eat prey.

Ch. 6.1 – Natural Selection How do mutualism, parasitism and commensalism influence natural selection? Mutualism – benefits both organisms Parasitism – benefits one, harms the other Commensalism – benefits one, but not the other Since organisms depend on each other, if one dies, the other could follow.

Ch. 6.3 – Classification What taxonomic group is the most general? Kingdom Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Ch. 6.3 – Classification What is binomial nomenclature based on? genus and species

Ch. 6.3 – Classification Based on the characteristics of the unknown organism, how should it be classified? Characteristics of unknown organism eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophic extracellular digestion fungus