PROGRESS IN PRODUCTION OF SUPER YIELDING HYBRID BASMATI RICE IN KENYA DR. Paul Njiruh Nthakanio………TUK Dr. James I. Kanya …………………UoN Dr. John M. Kimani ………………...KARI Mwea Dr. Raphael Wanjogu ………………MIAD FUNDED / COLLABORATORS NATIONAL IRRIGATION BOARB , TUK, UoN, KARI

HYBRID RICE PROJECT Work started in 2011 under NCST funding. In 2012, we approached NIB which agreed to support the project financially. Project is being conducted in four phases Phase one: Adaptability of breeding rice lines in Kenya at KARI Mwea (In green house and natural conditions):-Done Phase Two: Breeding. Hybridization between Basmatis (370 and 217 ) as paternal parents and PGMS and TGMS rice lines (Obtained from IRRI):- On going. Phase Three: Natural sterility induction in Mombasa; On going.

Phase 4: Production of hybrid rice in Bunyala and Mwea. Publication Kanya J.I., Njiru P.N., Kimani J.N., Wanjogu R.K. (2013): Evaluation of Photoperiod and Thermosensitive Genic Male Sterile Lines For Hybrid Rice Seeds Production in Kenya. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online) http://www.innspub.net Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 21-39, 2013).

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background : Rice production in Kenya Over 300 tonnes of rice is consumed in Kenya. About 100 tones is locally produced. In Kenya rice is mainly grown in Mwea, Ahero, Bunyala, West Kano, Yala Swamp (MoA, 2011). About 98% of Mwea rice is Basmati. By year 2030 Kenya population is expected to be 60.0million. Rice yield is expected to increase 600% to feed the population.

1.2 Rice Situation in Kenya Table1. Source: NCPB and Department of Land, Crops Development and Management, USDA Year 2006 2013 2030 2050 Kenya Population 38m 40m 60m ?? Production (Tones) 64,840 100,00 Area (ha) 23,106

1.3 Food security Problem Global Concerns High yielding varieties (HYV) dwarf rice varieties have reached breeding plateau hence global yield. Green revolution technology now need re- innovation.

Kenya concerns Low yield per hectare of Basmati rice (4.1ha) (Ministry of Agriculture, 2010). Rice consumption is far above production. Rice diseases like blast continue to reduce yields (Wanjogu and Mugambi, 2001).

1.4 Hybrid Vigour and higher yields Hybridization has been used to increase rice yield per hectare (Zhang, 2010). High yield is due to heterosis or hybrid vigour.

1.5 Measuring heterosis? Mid-Parent (MP) heterosis F1-MP (F1 performs better than mean of two parents): F1-MP MP X100 Better Parent (BP) heterosis (F1 performs better than better parent): F1-BP BP X100 Standard heterosis (F1 performs better than the check variety): F1-CK CK X100

1.6 Production of Hybrid To make a cross Male and female parents are needed. a) Female need to have non-viable male gametes so that they can be crossed with another variety. b) Male parent: need to have viable pollen.

CMS vs EGMS

Hybridization x Male parent with fertile pollen Female with sterile pollen but fertile ovule. Male parent with fertile pollen Hybrid plant

1.7 Male emasculation Methods of male emasculation Male emasculation is done to induce male sterility, a condition in which the pollen grains are not viable to fertilize normally to set seeds. Methods of male emasculation a) Environmental Genic Male sterility method (EGMS) PGMS – photoperiod sensitive genic male sterile lines. Uses long daylight length to induce sterility TGMS - thermosentive genic male sterile lines Uses high temperature to induce sterility

Methods of emasculation continued b) Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CMS) Male sterility is controlled by the interaction of a genetic factor (S) present in the cytoplasm and nuclear gene (s). c) Chemically induced male sterility Male sterility is induced by some chemicals (gametocides).

CMS Vs PGMS . Based on the discovery of P(T)GMS mutant Fertile S-line Multiplication Critical Fertility Point Critical Sterility Point Reproductive Upper Limit Reproductive Lower Limit Sterile F1 Seed Production Partial Sterility Model of Sterility / Fertility Expression for TGMS Rice Temperature low high Based on the discovery of P(T)GMS mutant Male sterility controlled by 1 or 2 pairs of recessive gene(s)

1.8 Objective Use hybrid rice technology to raise yield i) Introduce EGMS in Kenya and test for their adaptability. ii) Develop Basmati with EGMS gene. iii) Produce hybrids by crossing EGMS-Basmati with conventional Basmati.

2. MATERIALS EGMS included; PGMS and TGMS LINES FROM IRRI. These are:- PGMS Lines V1 - IR-73827-23-76-15-7S V3 - IR-75589-31-27-8-33S TGMS Rice V2 - IR-77271-42-5-4-36S. Basmati370

3. METHODS Test for EGMS adaptability Sowing of EGMS in KARI Mwea. Growth at sterility conditions and spikelet fertility assessed. Growth under fertility inducing conditions and spikelet fertility assessed.

Sowing of EGMS in greenhouse a b Fig. a and b show EGMS and the greenhouse respectively

3.1.2 Complete male sterile EGMS a b c a). EGMS under sterility inducing conditions, b). sterile panicle and c). Pollen from sterile panicle.

Reversion of EGMS to fertility (fertility inducing conditions ) a b C a). EGMS rice plant, b). Panicles and c). Pollen from plants grown under fertility inducing conditions respectively with grains.

Anthocyanin Morphological Marker V1 xb370 cross

Marker aided breeding Lane 1: Rader, V1xB217, V1 xB370, V2xB217, V2xB370, V3xB217, VxB370)

Marker aided breeding continued Ladder V1,V1xB217, B217

STARING MOMBASA WORK

Contact person at KARI Mutwapa

Planning for Malindi sowing Sabaki river

F4 Lines Under Test S/No New line being tested Remarks 1 V1B217P001 Long awns 2 V13B217P002 Long awns 3 V1B217P003  awnless 4 V1B217P004 Short awns 5 V1B217P005 V1B217P006 6 V1B217P007

F4 Lines under trial V1XB217 52 V2X217 23 V3X217 35 V1X370 38 V2X 370  Line Identity Number of lines under trial  V1XB217 52 V2X217 23 V3X217 35 V1X370 38 V2X 370 55 V3X 370

F3 plants in the field

F3 Plants in the field

Acknowledgement MIAD NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY M2U00022.MPG

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