1. Development in Thailand
Hybrid Rice
Development in Thailand
Suniyum Taprab1, Amorntip Muangprom 2, Watcharin Meerod 2
1 Rice research and development, Department of Rice, Thailand
2 National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, Thailand

2. Total Labor Force : 39 million
Population :  68 million
Total Labor Force : 39 million
Total Area: 514,000 SQ.KM Agricultural area: 47 %
Agriculture
Services
Industries
 40%
 46%
 14%
Labor Force
by Occupation (2012) 8%
53%
39%
GDP Composition
by Sector (2012)
Year 2012
(GDP growth
= 6.4 %) 2

3. Land Used Fallow Residents Others Forage crops Rice Vegetables & Flora
Aerable
Land
20.8 mha
Fruit & Trees
Field crops

4. Number of farmers growing each cash crops
Farmers’ annual income
(Baht)
Poverty line
29,064 Baht/year
Source: ศศช (NESDB,2014)

5. Value of cash crops, ratio to GDP and labor employment in 2013
(million Baht)
Ratio to GDP (%)
Labor employment
(million person)
Rubber
294,672
2.6
4.5 (11%)
Rice
644,875
5.7
10.7(27%)
Cassava
79,891
0.7
1.5 (4%)
Sugar cane
109,753
1.0
0.8 (2%)
Oil palm
13,742
0.1
0.4 (1%)
Total
1,142,934
10.1
~ 45%
Source: ศศช (NESDB,2014)

6. Area, Production and Yield of Paddy Rice, 2004–2013
Years
Harvested area
‘000 ha
Production
‘000 t
Yield
t/ha
2004
9,993
28,538
2.9
2005
10,225
30,292
3.0
2006
10,165
29,642
2007
10,669
32,099
2008
31,651
2009
10,684
31,508
2010
12,435
32,396
2.8
2011
12,908
36,004
2012
13,345
38,102
2013
12,887
37,337
Source: Office of Agricultural Economics, 2014

7. Varieties of rice grown, 2001–2010
Years
Modern Variety
(%)
Traditional Variety
2001 86 14
2002 87 13
2003
2004 88 12
2005
2006 91 9
2007 90 10
2008
2009 92 8
2010 93 7
Source: Office of Agricultural Economics, 2013

8. Areas of chemical and organic farming in 2004-2012
Years
Chemical Farming
(,000 ha)
Organic Farming
2004
9,993
0.01
2005
10,225
0.02
2006
10,165
2007
10,669
2008
2009
10,684
2010
12,435
2011
12,908
2012
13,345
Source: Office of Agricultural Economics, 2014; Panyakul,2013.
Info graphic by Choopong Eamoraphan

9. Cost comparison between organic and chemical farming per hectare
Organic Farming
Chemical Farming
Seed
156
Fertilizer 65
Chemical substances
Fuel
Labour cost (not include owner)
541
Harvester rental
108
Land rental
312
Others
Total
346
1,572-1,706
Source :

10. Shares in Value of Rice Exports of Thailand by Major Trading Partner, 2011–2013
2012
2013 1
United States
417.64
405.74
456.59 2
China
235.70
152.58
251.13 3
Benin
104.07
189.54
466.81 4
Cote d'lvoire
330.09
238.47
203.93 5
South Africa
332.47
226.14
231.62 6
Cameroon
98.80
140.54
135.67 7
Hong Kong
218.17
177.69
185.41 8
Malaysia
200.29
69.62
91.21 9
Nigeria
775.24
677.72
92.35 10
Mozambique
87.06
102.24
101.13
Total
6,432.39
4,632.77
4,420.37
Source: Ministry of Commerce

11. Cost of Rice Production Per Hectare by Country
USD

12. Thailand’s Rice Utilization in 2013
Paddy
37 MT
Broken rice MT
Rice bran MT
seed
1.4 MT
Rice mill
23 MT
Feed
Rice bran
oil
Consumption
10 MT
Domestic MT
Export
7 MT
Export
0.6 MT
Rice Flour
Noodle
Feed
Snack

13. Rice Exports by Major Varieties in 2011-2013
Source: Ministry of Commerce,2014.

14. History of hybrid rice development
1979 : hybrid rice has been developed by Rice Department starting with three-line hybrid system
1980 : Rice Department set up hybrid rice project
1981 : Rice Department collaborative with IRRI
1994 :Rice Department evaluated yield of hybrid rice varieties developed from the new male sterility rice lines and the Thai restorer lines. The results showed that some hybrid rice lines showed % higher yield than
Thai elite lines

15. History of hybrid rice development
2001 : CP started hybrid research by introducing 8 hybrid varieties from China.
2010 : CP released CP 304, a high yield hybrid rice of 7.5 tons/ha
2011 : Rice Department released its first hybrid rice variety, (RDH1)
2012 : Rice Department in collaboration with public and private sectors evaluated yield of hybrids
2013 : Rice Department released RDH3 giving high yield
of 8.84 tons per hectare

16. Progress in hybrid rice research
BIOTEC:
Studied two-line hybrid system by obtaining TGMS from IRRI
Evaluated sterility and fertility conditions
Generate F1 hybrids, and inter-station yield evaluations
Studied genetic structure of Thai rice germplasm
and rice germplasm from IRRI.
Studied on genes and proteins involved in temperature
sensitive male sterility (TGMS)
Developed molecular markers linked to male sterility
genes controlling TGMS
Source : Pitnjam et al, 2013; Chakhonkaen et al, 2013, Chueasiri, et al, 2014
Sangarwut, et al 2012

17. Progress in hybrid rice research
Kasetsart University
Developed for both three and two line systems:
- classification rice germplasm
- making database of these rice germplasm
- development of A lines,and R lines
- evaluation of heterosis of F1 hybrids
- study commercial seed production
Rajamangala University of Technology
- developed of two TGMS lines:
- selecting high yielding male lines with disease and insect resistances
- yield trials of F1 hybrid resulting in 8 hybrids with yield higher
than 6.25 tons/hectare
Source :Funding: CPMO, NSTDA

18. Progress in hybrid rice research
Maejo university
- introduced a TGMS line (T29S) from Vietnam
develop new TGMS lines in several Thai genetic backgrounds
these TGMS lines will be used as female parents for two line
hybrid development
Source :Funding: CPMO, NSTDA

19. Status/Impact of HR production
Total seed production by Crop Integration Business (CP) and Rice Department
were about 100 tons in Planted area about 1,600 hectare
The average yields of HR on sample farms of CP was tons per ha.
Yield, Cost and Profit of Hybrid Rice and Inbred
Hybrid Rice
Inbred
Province A
Province B
Province C
Yield
(ton/hectare)
7.0
7.5
5.6
Cost
(USD/hectare)
786
783
891
1,220
Profit
(USD/hectare
1,393
1,398
1,269
850

20. - Higher cost Constraints and Gaps in Hybrid Rice Development
Technology constraints
- Few male sterile germplasm available (Somrith, 2007)
- Low seed setting rate of A-lines
- Effects of environments on sterility/fertility of TGMS lines
- Impurity of hybrid seeds produced.
- Hybrids yield still be unable to exceed 20% higher yield than that
of the best inbred variety.
Social and economic constraints
- Higher cost
- Not favorable yet by farmers due to limitation of yield
- Limitation on acceptance and misunderstanding for hybrid technology

21. - No clear direction/Long term Plan.
Constraints and Gaps in Hybrid Rice Development
Capability constrains
- Few research and breeder teams on hybrid rice (Somrith, 2007)
- Limitations of research stations and field testing
- Limitations of funding for research and investment
- Low collaborations within and between countries
Policy constraints
- No clear direction/Long term Plan.
- Budget constraints

22. Opportunities for Hybrid Rice Development
Large diversity of rice germplasm
Future effective collaboration between good partners (outside and inside country) to share resources and knowledge
Technologies capability such as genomics and
marker-assisted selection available
Potentially clear direction of government on hybrid research

23. Key strategies and policy options to promote HR development in Thailand to 2020 and 2030
Increased capability of hybrid rice production
-To develop male-sterile lines which suitable for Thailand
-To produce hybrid seeds with reduced cost
-To utilize new molecular technologies to speed up hybrid rice breeding
Technology Transfer
- To set demonstration farm for farmer learning
- Multi-location testing with farmer participation
Pubic and Private Partnership
- Changing material between private and public sectors
- Public and private sector work together for regular varietal testing and evaluation
- Public-private linkage is in an area of human capital development

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