1. ADAPTABILITY OF PGMS AND TGMS RICE LINES FOR HYBRID RICE SEED PRODUCTION IN KENYABy
DR. PAUL NJIRUH NTHAKANIO
Innovation systems and knowledge-based economy for national development conference: may 2012: Kenyatta International Conference Centre (KICC). Nairobi. Kenya. Pg 34.

2. Authors
Njiruh Paul Nthakanio:Kenya Polytechnic University College, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology
Kanya James Ireri : University of Nairobi, School of Biological sciences, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi.
Kimani John Munji: Kenya Agricultural research, Institute (KARI),
4Wajogu Rapheal: Mwea Irrigation Agriculture Development

3. THEME
FOOD SECURITY

4. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND a) OVERVIEW OF RICE PRODUCTION
Rice production in Kenya is 90,000 tones
Rice consumption is 300,000tones
Deficit 300,000-50,000= 250,000tones
References Kenya, Ministry of Agriculture, 2008

5. Land under rice cultivation in Kenya 20,000ha
Average yield per hectare in Kenya is 2.8tones– (MoA, 2008)
Average yield per hectare in China -10 tones per hectare under large scale production (Xie and Hardy, 2009)

6. CHINA SUPER HYBRID PROJECT
Year Yields under field trials
t / ha
t /ha
t / ha

7. b) HYBRID RICE TECHNOLOGY

8. c) BIG QUESTIONS WHY FOOD INSECURITY IN KENYA ???
LOW YIELD PER HECATRE
- poor technologies
- pest
- diseases
- drought
- Cold damage

9. 1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM
Production of hybrid rice is faced by one serious problem:
Rice is self pollinating and to produce hybrid rice female parent must be emasculated to prevent contamination of hybrid seeds by self-bred seeds.
Adaptable specific rice to be used as female parents are needed.

10. Emasculation is obtained thro;
i) Manual : It is laborious
ii) Chemical: Lead to pollution and expensive
Genetics :
Cytoplasmic male sterile lines
PGMG/TGMS lines : This the best method so far because it has increased yield to as high as 17t/ha (under experimental fields).
*But in Kenya this research is one of the initial hybrid rice breeding programs.

11. Justification /Impact/output
Adaptable male sterile lines have be obtained that will enable Kenya join the rest of the world in producing hybrid rice seeds.
Prsent land under rice 6,457 ha
With hybrid rice Kenya has the potential to produce
about 164,570 tones.
% Increase = 257%
If only we can get only 160, 000 hectares we can feed 40M Kenyans consuming about 100grams of rice daily for ones year without any starvation (using one season crop).

12. 1.3 OBJECTIVE
Goal : Increase rice yield per ha using Hybrid rice seed technology.
Specific : Determine adaptability of PGMS and TGMS rice varieties for suitability of Hybrid seed technology

13. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Plant Materials
Two PGMS varieties (V1PGMS and V3PGMS)
and One TGMS variety (V2TGMS) were imported from IRRI
PGMS : Photosensitive genic male sterile
TGMS: Thermosenstive genic male sterile

14. 2.2 Methods
High Temperature and Long day-light length
Treatment

15. Long day-light length and High temperature growth conditions

16. Solar lighting to prolong day-light length

17. High Temperature and Normal day-light length growth conditions

18. Growth under normal day-light length and normal temperature

19. 3.0 RESULTS
Under LDL and HT and NDL and HT PGMS and TGMS were completely sterile (Table 1 and in Figure 1) Under NDL and LT PGMS and TGMS were fertile (Table 1 and in Figure 2)

20. Table1. Effects of day-light length and temperature treatments on Pollen fertility and seed set rate.

25. 4. DISCUSSION
Long day-light length growth conditions and higher temperature treatment at start of Meiosis lead of expression PGMS /TGMS gene and the rice is completely sterile (Fig. 1 a-d). In short day-light length growth conditions PGMS/TGMS revert to fertility – can propagate themselves (Fig. 2a-d).

26. Success in the tropics
PGMS /TGMS has been widely used in the temperate regions where days are long and nights are short in summer time
Our results indicate same technology can used in the tropics under elevated temperatures. Complete sterile PGMS/TGMS under high temperature indicates it is possible to produce rice hybrid seeds without contamination by self-bred seeds.

27. 5. CONCLUSION
Production of hybrid rice seeds using PGMS/TGMS lines is very viable in Kenya

28. Acknowledgement
This research is funded by National Council for Science and Technology.

29. THANK YOU