Chapter 9 WORKING FOR REFORM The American Nation 4/10/2017 Chapter 9 WORKING FOR REFORM Section 1: Religious Zeal and New Communities Section 2: Movements for Social Reform Section 3: The Crusade for Abolition Section 4: The Cause of Women’s Rights CHAPTER 9--WORKING FOR REFORM

Objectives: Section 1: Religious Zeal and New Communities Who participated in the Second Great Awakening? What were the main characteristics of the Shakers and Mormons? What ideas did transcendentalism promote?

Participants in the Second Great Awakening Section 1: Religious Zeal and New Communities Participants in the Second Great Awakening people living on the frontier people living in the cities of the Northeast African Americans middle-class women

Shaker beliefs Section 1: Religious Zeal and New Communities separate yet relatively equal roles for men and women; no marriage property jointly owned by the community Christ would soon return to rule Earth Utopian community

Mormon beliefs Section 1: Religious Zeal and New Communities Utopian community plural marriage for men Divine assistance had given new religious teachings.

Transcendentalist ideas Section 1: Religious Zeal and New Communities Transcendentalist ideas People could attain perfection through knowledge about God, the self, and the universe. importance of the individual natural simplicity spiritual renewal

Objectives: Section 2: Movements for Social Reform What motivated temperance reformers? Why did some women believe it was important to become involved in reform movements? How did educational opportunities change in the early 1800s? How and why did reformers work to improve prisons and other institutions?

Temperance reformers Section 2: Movements for Social Reform wanted to reduce criminal behavior, family violence, and poverty desired a more disciplined workforce wanted to preserve the family

Women and reform Section 2: Movements for Social Reform Many women believed that they had a duty to become involved in reform since they were expected to instill values of good citizenship in their children and serve as the moral voice in their household.

Education in the early 1800s Section 2: Movements for Social Reform Education in the early 1800s expansion of public education opening of first public high school expansion of opportunities for women and African Americans to receive a college education

Jails and prisons Section 2: Movements for Social Reform Reformers created the penitentiary system, built more prisons, and established reform schools to deal with the imprisonment of juveniles with adult offenders.

Poorhouses Section 2: Movements for Social Reform Reformers established a network of poorhouses, where the able-bodied poor would be required to work and where poor children could be educated.

Mental hospitals Section 2: Movements for Social Reform Rehabilitation hospitals were established to get mentally ill people out of jails and poorhouses.

Objectives: Section 3: The Crusade for Abolition How did African Americans change the focus of antislavery efforts? What sparked the call for immediate abolition? How did the Anti-Slavery Society spread its message? What obstacles did the abolitionist movement face?

Focus of antislavery efforts Section 3: The Crusade for Abolition Focus of antislavery efforts African Americans changed the focus of antislavery efforts through their opposition to plans for colonization.

The call for immediate abolition Section 3: The Crusade for Abolition The call for immediate abolition Impatience with the abolition movement’s lack of progress led some leaders such as David Walker and William Lloyd Garrison to call for immediate abolition.

Obstacles to the abolition movement Section 3: The Crusade for Abolition Obstacles to the abolition movement violence fear and prejudice against free African Americans internal conflict

Objectives: Section 4: The Cause of Women’s Rights How did the women’s rights movement grow out of the abolitionist movement, and what opposition did it face? What did early women’s rights activists demand? What did the early women’s rights movement achieve, and what issues remained unresolved?

Women’s rights movement grew out of abolition movement Section 4: The Cause of Women’s Rights Women’s rights movement grew out of abolition movement The women’s rights movement grew out of the abolition movement because many women who worked for abolition began comparing their situation to that of the slaves.

Opposition to women’s rights movement Section 4: The Cause of Women’s Rights Opposition to women’s rights movement The women’s rights movement faced opposition from men who believed that a woman’s place was in the home.

Early demands Section 4: The Cause of Women’s Rights Married women should have the right to control property and earnings. Divorced women should gain custody of their children. Women should have the right to vote.

Achievements Section 4: The Cause of Women’s Rights New York’s Married Women’s Property Act Some states revised laws to permit married women to own property, file lawsuits, and retain earnings.

Unresolved issues Section 4: The Cause of Women’s Rights right to vote needs of African American women and white, working-class women