Non-State Actors and Governance

Transnational Non-State Actors  Transnational actors –actors acting ACROSS state borders  Transnational politics “…interaction across state borders outside the central control of foreign policy organs” (Nye, 224)  Examples?

The Power of Numbers International NGOs  1964:1,470  1972:2173  1985:14,000  2003:24,000 Source: Yearbook of International Organizations  Example: Green Peace; offices in 37 countries

The Power of Information and Technology  The Multilateral Agreement on Investments (MAI) –Rules to facilitate international investments –Negotiated under the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)  Public Citizen –Campaign against MAI  Treaty abandoned

The Power of the Media  Aljazeera  Save the Whales campaign –Most whaling states stopped whaling –Ban on commercial whaling

The Power of Resources Sales of select MNCs ($)  Wall-Mart 219.8bn  GM177.2bn  RD Shell135.2bn  Toyota MC120.8bn  IBM85.7bn  PepsiCo26.9bn  Greenpeace 0.157bn Source: Nye 2004, 10 on business, GGYB on Greenpeace GDP of select countries ($)  Saudi Arabia242bn  Ukraine 218 bn  Denmark155.5 bn  Chile151 bn  Norway143 bn  Iraq58 bn  Dominican R 53 bn  Bulgaria50.6 bn  Gambia 2.6 bn  Congo2.5 bn  Suriname1.5 bn  Belize1.28 bn Source: 2003 CIA fact book,

The Backlash -Disproportionate power of transnational actors -support corrupt governments -disproportionate share of benefits -no accountability -International institutions favor markets at expense of other values -Race to the bottom -Poverty and inequality staggering: 1.3bn live on $1/day half of global population on $2/day

New Modes of Governance

The Civilization Approach

Multi-Level Governance International Institutions WB, UN, WTO, IMF, UNEP Transnational Network Governance Private Trans-Governmental Public-Private National and Local Institutions

Private Governance: Corporate Social Responsibility  Codes of conduct –Sullivan Principles  Triple Bottom Line reporting: –Financial –Social –Environmental  Example: Shell

Trends in business self-regulation and corporate responsibility

Private Governance: Certification  Code of rules, principles, guidelines, reporting, monitoring mechanism against which processes are products are compared and certified  Labeling to make consumer aware –Fair Trade

Certification: Fair Trade  Equal Exchange Organization: provides fair trade certification  Organic certification  Shade grown coffee  “Good Coffee, Good Business”

Trans-Governmental Networks: The New World Order?  Bureaucratic cooperation among specialized government agencies and institutions  Not necessarily guided by the foreign policy establishment

Trans-Governmental Networks  Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission ( ) –U.S.-Russian Joint Commission on Economic and Technical Assistance –Managing and securing nuclear material –Transfer of know how and assistance

Trans-Governmental Networks  Cities for Climate Change  579 cities participate, 8% of global CO2 emission  Adopt GHG reduction policies –Baseline emissions inventory –Adopt emissions reduction target –Develop local action plan –Implement action plan –Monitor progress and report it  Win-win: energy savings + CO2 emission reductions  US cities savings for 1999: $70mn.

The Persistent Importance of States: Top Contributors to GHG Emissions

Public-Private Partnerships  "The United Nations once dealt only with governments. By now we know that peace and prosperity cannot be achieved without partnerships involving governments, international organizations, the business community and civil society. In today's world, we depend on each other." –Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General

The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) GAVI Partners:  The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation  WHO  UNICEF  The World Bank Group  Developing Country Governments  Nongovernmental Organization  Industrialized Country Governments  Research Institutes  Vaccine Industry-Industrialized Country  Technical Health Institutes  Vaccine Industry-Developing Country

GAVI: Financial Contributions

GAVI Results  13 million children reached with basic vaccines  135 million children reached with new vaccines  Coverage of hepatitis B vaccine in GAVI-eligible countries: 66% (was 20% in 2000)

The Demand and Supply of Public-Private Partnerships Transnational Interests Governance Gaps Agency & State Interests

Concluding Questions  Why get involved in transnational governance?  Is transnational governance effective?  Is transnational governance legitimate?  Does transnational governance strengthen or undermine the state?  What is the future of international organizations?