Ajang Mulyadi 1

Theoretical framework or variables or conceptsa model a theory Theoretical framework represent your beliefs on how certain phenomena (or variables or concepts) are related to each other (a model ) and an explanation of why you believe that these variables are associated with each other (a theory) Process of building a theoretical framework :  Introducing definitions of the concepts or variables in your model;  Developing a conceptual model that provides a descriptive representation of your theory;  Coming up with a theory that provides an explanation for relationships between the variables in your model Ajang Mulyadi2 variabel Hubungan antar variabel Didasarkan pada teori tertentu

a concept : a concept : is a fundamental category of existence. In contemporary philosophy, there are at least three prevailing ways to understand what a concept is: 1)  Concepts as mental representations, where concepts are entities that exist in the brain.  Concepts as abilities, where concepts are abilities peculiar to cognitive agents.  Concepts as abstract objects, where objects are the constituents of propositions that mediate between thought, language, and referents. Construct philosophy of science Construct (philosophy of science), a hypothetical object whose phenomenal existence depends upon a subject's mind Variabel : Variabel : konstruk atau konsep yang memiliki variasi nilai Variabel : Variabel : is anything that can take on differing or varying values. An attribute : An attribute : is a specific value on a variable. Ajang Mulyadi3 1)Eric Margolis; Stephen Lawrence. "Concepts". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab at Stanford University. Retrieved 6 November 2012."Concepts" objectsentitiesentities entitiesentities entitiesentities conceptconcept Atribut 1 Atribut 2 variabel

Tipe nilai/atribut : Tipe nilai/atribut :  Continuum:  Continuum: variabel yang nilainya dapat dinyatakan dalam angka pecahan;  Descrete :  Descrete : variabel yang nilainya hanya dapat dinyatakan dalam bilangan bulat; Posisi/kedudukan : Posisi/kedudukan :  Independent (predictor)  Independent (predictor) atau variabel bebas : adalah variabel yang dalam kerangka pemikiran penelitian kita ditempatkan sebagai variabel yang mempengaruhi variabel lain;  Dependent (criterion)  Dependent (criterion) atau variabel terikat : variabel yang dalam kerangka pemikiran penelitian kita diduga dipengaruhi oleh variabel bebas;  Moderating :  Moderating : a variable that influences or moderates the relation between two other variables and thus produces an interaction effect.  Intervening :  Intervening : a variable that explains a relation or provides a causal link between other variables. Ajang Mulyadi4

moderating dependent independent 5 Workforce diversity Organizational Effectiveness Managerial Expertise Organizational Effectiveness Workforce diversity Creative Synergy dependent independentMediating/intervening

A good theoretical framework identifies and defines the important variables in the situation that are relevant to the problem and subsequently describes and explains the interconnections among these variables; Basic features :  The variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly defined;  A conceptual model that describes the relationships between the variables in the model should be given;  There should be a clear explanation of why we expect these relationships to exist Ajang Mulyadi6

7 Penjelasan konsep variabel secara teoritis, sampai menemukan indikator untuk mengukur variabel tersebut Deskripsi kerangka pemikiran Model hubungan antar variabel HIPOTESIS

A hypothesis : A hypothesis : a tentative, yet testable, statement, which predicts what you expect to find in your empirical data; A hypothesis : A hypothesis : as logically conjectured relationships between two or more variables expressed in the form of testable statements Hypotheses are derived from the theory on which your conceptual model is based and are often relational in nature. Ajang Mulyadi8

9 If-Then Statements : If employees are more healthy, then they will take sick leave less frequently Directional hypotheses : The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the job satisfaction of employees Women are more motivated than men Nondirectional hypotheses : There is a relationship between age and job satisfaction Terdapat perbedaan sikap terhadap profesi guru antara mahasiswa yang berasal dari pedesaan dengan mahasiswa yang berasal dari perkotaan Null hypotheses (H 0 ): … set up to be rejected in order to support an alternate hyphotesis. Alternate hyphotesis : … statement expressing a relationship between two variables, or, indicating differences between groups