1. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK DR SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT ctrohaida@yahoo.com 23 JUNE 2009

2. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL AGENDAS Introduction Conceptual framework (CF) Definition Why we need CF? Variables Theories Conclusion

3. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH PROCESS Identifying Research Problem Research Questions & Research Objectives Research Questions & Research Objectives Literature Review Develop Theoretical/Research Framework Develop Theoretical/Research Framework Research Design Preliminary Data Gathering Analysis And findings Analysis And findings MethodSamplingUnit of analysis Data collection method Development of hypothesis Hypothesis development What are the symptoms or indicators

4. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Definitions Schematic diagram which able to help in deciding and explaining the route that we are interested to take. The basis of entire research rests Why would we use certain methods and not others to get to a certain point.

5. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Why we CF? Helps to postulate and test certain relationship To improve understanding of the dynamics of the situation Testable hypotheses can be developed We can identify the variables

6. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK People might have tried a similar path before and have had different experiences using one road versus another. Or, there may be paths that have never been explored. With a conceptual framework, we can explain why we would try this or that path, based on the experiences of others, and on what we ourselves would like to explore or discover.

7. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL SOURCES OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

8. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL 1.From previous research in the problem area 2.Based on theories 3.Integrating one’s logical beliefs with published research 4.Establishing gaps – literature review

9. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL CAUTION!!! Identified and understand the REAL reason why other researchers decide not to do the CF for certain variables and in certain environment or towards certain sample of respondents. Analyze the literature in detail.

10. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL THE COMPONENTS OF THE CF Identifies and labels the important variables in the situation that are relevant to the problem Shows the relationship of variables and elaborates How and why moderating and intervening variables are treated

11. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL VARIABLES Independent Dependent Moderator Mediator Control

12. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL DEPENDENT VARIABLE Acts as the primary interest to the researchers. The researcher’s goal is to Understand and describe the variable

13. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Is one that influences the dependent variable in either positive or negative way

14. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL Independent Dependent ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE CAREER SATISFACTION

15. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL TERMS Independent Predictor Presumed cause Stimulus Predicted from Antecedent Manipulated Dependent Presumed effect Response Predicted to.. Consequence Measured outcome

16. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL MODERATING VARIABLES Moderation occurs when the relationship between two variables depends on a third variable. The third variable is referred to as the moderator variable or simply the moderator. Affects the direction and/or strength of the relation between the dependent and independent variables. The effect of a moderating variable is characterized statistically as an interaction

17. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL Independent Dependent ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE CAREER SATISFACTION Moderator POS

18. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL MEDIATING VARIABLES In statistics, a mediation model is one that seeks: to identify explicate the mechanism that underlies an observed relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable via the inclusion of a third explanatory variable,independent variable dependent variable Rather than hypothesizing a direct causal relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable, a mediational model hypothesizes that the independent variable causes the mediator variable, which in turn causes the dependent variable. Also known as intervening variable

19. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE CAREER SATISFACTION CAREER SATISFACTION INFLUENCE TACTICS INFLUENCE TACTICS

20. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL OTHER CATEGORIES OF VARIABLES EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES are variables other than the independent variable that may bear any effect on the behavior of the subject being studied CONTROL VARIABLES control variables are extraneous factors, possibly affecting the experiment, that are kept constant so as to minimize their effects on the outcome

21. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL RESEARCH TERMS IN THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Variables Dimensions Uni dimensional Multi dimensional Measurement items

22. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL EXAMPLE Variable ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE Dimensions INTERACTIONAL JUSTICE PROCEDURAL JUSTICE INTERACTIONAL JUSTICE Measurement items

23. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL Measurements Items Distributive justice Does you (outcome) reflect the effort you have put into your work? Is your (outcome) appropriate for the work you have completed? Does your (outcome) reflect what you have contributed to the organisation? Is your (outcome) justified, given your performance? Procedural justice Have you been able to express your views and feelings during those procedures? Have you had influence over the (outcome) arrived at by those procedures? Have those procedures been applied consistently? Have those procedures been free of bias? Have those procedures been based on accurate information? Have you been able to appeal the outcome arrived at by those procedures? Have those procedures upheld ethical and moral standards? Interactional justice Has (he/she) treated you in a polite manner? Has (he/she) treated you with dignity? Has (he/she) treated you with respect? Has (he/she) refrained from improper remarks or comments? Has (he/she) been candid in (his/her) communications with you? Has (he/she) explained the procedures thoroughly? Were (his/her) explanations regarding the procedures reasonable? Has (he/she) communicated details in a timely manner? Has (he/she) seemed to tailor (his/her) communications to individuals’ specific needs?

24. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A theoretical framework is a collection of interrelated concepts Guides your research. Determining what things you will measure. What statistical relationship you will look for.

25. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1.Relevant variables are clearly identified and labeled. 2.Important relationship are well labeled. 3.Reader can easily see and understand the relationship.

26. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL THEORY A theory of systematically interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that are advanced to explain and predict phenomena (facts)

27. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA, 1980) Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB, 1991)

28. SITI ROHAIDA BINTI MOHAMED ZAINAL END OF PART ONE QUESTIONS?

29. SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

30. SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL WHAT IS HYPOTHESIS? A statement that shows a relationship between two or more variables in testable form. A proposition formulated for empirical testing

31. ROLES OF HYPOTHESES SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL 1.It guides the direction of the study. 2.It identifies facts are relevant and those that are not. 3.It suggests which form of research design is likely to be most appropriate. 4.It provides a framework.

32. TYPES OF HYPOTHESES SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL Descriptive hypotheses 1. Null hypothesis – proposition, no relationship 2. Alternate hypothesis – expressing a relationship Relational hypotheses 1. Correlational hypotheses 2. Explanatory (causal) hypotheses

33. CORRELATIONAL HYPOTHESIS SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL A statement indicating that variables occur together in a some specified manner WITHOUT that one causes the other Eg: Students in urban areas obtain more favorable grades in Mathematics than do students in rural areas.

34. EXPLORATORY (CAUSAL) HYPOTHESIS SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL A statement that describes a relationship between two variables in which one variable leads to a specified effect on the other variable. Eg. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income saved.

35. HYPOTHESIS’ FORMAT SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL If-then statement If the employees are more healthy, then they will take sick leave less frequently. Directional The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the job satisfaction. Non directional There is a relationship between age and job satisfaction

36. CHARACTERISTICS OF A STRONG HYPOTHESIS SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL 1.Adequate for its purpose 2.Testable 3.Better than its rivals

37. SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL HOW DO WE DERIVE HYPOTHESES? From own dreams? From own observations? From other research? From other hypothesis? From literature review? From theoretical framework?

38. SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL HOW DO WE DERIVE HYPOTHESES? If it is from own observation, supported by other research, supported by other hypothesis, supported by other literature review, and supported by YOUR OWN theoretical framework. Therefore IDEALLY YOU SHOULD EXPECT THAT THE HYPOTHESES TO BE ACCEPTED NOT REJECTED… AREN’T YOU?

39. SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL This is a symptom of.. Poor theoretical framework…… Or……

40. SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL WHAT IS THE PROBLEM? Data collection Have you take care of all the procedures and techniques ==  that cause ERROR Dyadic respondents

41. SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL ERROR IN DATA ANALYSIS Moderating VS Mediating Interaction VS Direct effect Data interpretation Directional VS Non directional hypothesis Unit of Analysis Nature of variables Unidimensional VS Multidimensional

42. SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL OTHER SOURCES OF ERROR Theoretical framework not exhaustively search poor conceptualization superficial Researcher interferences Measurement instrument to measure the variables

43. SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL EXAMPLES Theoretical framework The effects of organisation structures, job autonomy and leadership styles towards the performance of sales person in pharmacies. Researcher The moderating effects of perceived organisational support, leadership styles towards firm performance. Measurement Perceived organization support – measured by 8 items rather than original of 9 or 36 items.

44. SITI ROHAIDA BT MOHAMED ZAINAL THE END GOOD LUCK IN YOUR RESEARCH JOURNEY