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TEN STEPS to ADVANCED READING SECOND EDITION TEN STEPS to ADVANCED READING John Langan © 2013 Townsend Press

Chapter 7 PURPOSE AND TONE

News photos often have a purpose and tone. CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone See page 265 in textbook News photos often have a purpose and tone.

Here, the purpose is to inform us of the return of American CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone See page 265 in textbook Here, the purpose is to inform us of the return of American soldiers killed in the service of their country. The tone is one of solemnity, reverence, and respect.

the purpose of a selection CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose The author’s reason for writing is called the purpose of a selection See page 266 in textbook

Here are three common purposes in writing: CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose Here are three common purposes in writing: To inform —to give information about a subject. l To persuade —to convince the reader to agree with the author’s point of view on a subject. l See page 266 in textbook To entertain —to amuse and delight; to appeal to the reader’s senses and imagination. l

Often, the cover and the title of a book or article CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose Often, the cover and the title of a book or article will suggest the author’s main purpose. See page 266 in textbook

What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books? CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books? See page 267 in textbook ANSWERS: Public Speaking-A; I Feel Great-B; Gulliver’s Travels-C The next three slides show the answers. Primary purpose: Primary purpose: Primary purpose: A. to inform A. to inform A. to inform B. to persuade B. to persuade B. to persuade C. to entertain C. to entertain C. to entertain

What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books? CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books? See page 267 in textbook Primary purpose: Primary purpose: Primary purpose: 3 A. to inform A. to inform A. to inform B. to persuade B. to persuade B. to persuade C. to entertain C. to entertain C. to entertain

What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books? CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books? See page 267 in textbook Primary purpose: Primary purpose: Primary purpose: 3 A. to inform A. to inform A. to inform B. to persuade 3 B. to persuade B. to persuade C. to entertain C. to entertain C. to entertain

What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books? CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose What would you say is the primary purpose of each of these books? See page 267 in textbook Primary purpose: Primary purpose: Primary purpose: 3 A. to inform A. to inform A. to inform B. to persuade 3 B. to persuade B. to persuade C. to entertain C. to entertain 3 C. to entertain

Read this paragraph and decide what the author’s purpose is. CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose Read this paragraph and decide what the author’s purpose is. The typical American gobbles three burgers and four orders of fries every week. Toss in the pizzas, the popcorn, the sugary breakfast cereals, the sodas, the snack cakes, candy bars, ice cream and everything else we eat in lieu of real food in this society, and your body is like an eighteen-wheeler roaring down a high-fat highway straight to obesity and an early grave. Fast food is bad food. It’s loaded with bad stuff like fat and sugar and sodium. It’s packed with chemicals that are in there to make it taste and smell and feel like it’s real food. What it lacks is vitamins, minerals, fiber, all the stuff you really need. Primary purpose: See pages 267 and 268 in textbook ANSWER: B The next slide shows and explains the answer. A. to inform B. to persuade C. to entertain

Primary purpose: A. to inform 3 B. to persuade C. to entertain CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose The typical American gobbles three burgers and four orders of fries every week. Toss in the pizzas, the popcorn, the sugary breakfast cereals, the sodas, the snack cakes, candy bars, ice cream and everything else we eat in lieu of real food in this society, and your body is like an eighteen-wheeler roaring down a high-fat highway straight to obesity and an early grave. Fast food is bad food. It’s loaded with bad stuff like fat and sugar and sodium. It’s packed with chemicals that are in there to make it taste and smell and feel like it’s real food. What it lacks is vitamins, minerals, fiber, all the stuff you really need. Primary purpose: See pages 267 and 268 in textbook A. to inform 3 B. to persuade C. to entertain The writer tells us the things that are wrong with fast food in order to persuade us that we shouldn’t eat it.

Now try this paragraph. Primary purpose: A. to inform B. to persuade CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose Now try this paragraph. I don’t know which is harder, taking my body to the doctor or my car to the garage. Both worry me. I’m always afraid they’ll find something I didn’t know about. The only advantage of taking my body to the doctor over taking my car to the garage is that the doctor never asks me to leave it overnight. Primary purpose: See pages 267 and 268 in textbook ANSWER: C The next slide shows and explains the answer. A. to inform B. to persuade C. to entertain

Primary purpose: A. to inform B. to persuade 3 C. to entertain CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose I don’t know which is harder, taking my body to the doctor or my car to the garage. Both worry me. I’m always afraid they’ll find something I didn’t know about. The only advantage of taking my body to the doctor over taking my car to the garage is that the doctor never asks me to leave it overnight. Primary purpose: See pages 267 and 268 in textbook A. to inform B. to persuade 3 C. to entertain The writer uses playful and exaggerated details to entertain the reader. Clearly, the doctor is not going to ask the writer to leave his body overnight.

What is the author’s purpose in this paragraph? CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose What is the author’s purpose in this paragraph? Personal contact is necessary for common cold viruses to spread. The viruses must get into the nose, where they can infect the nasal membranes. Inhaling contaminated droplets produced when someone else coughs or sneezes may be one way to catch a cold. Cold viruses can remain infective even if they are outside the body for a few hours. Therefore, you can also catch a cold if you handle something that is contaminated with a cold virus—for example, the doorknob of a classroom or a restroom door—and then scratch your nose or rub your eyes with your contaminated fingers. The cold viruses can reach your nose when you rub your eyes because the virus can be passed down the tear ducts that go from the eyes into the nasal cavities. Primary purpose: See pages 267 and 268 in textbook ANSWER: A The next slide shows and explains the answer. A. to inform B. to persuade C. to entertain

Primary purpose: 3 A. to inform B. to persuade C. to entertain CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose Personal contact is necessary for common cold viruses to spread. The viruses must get into the nose, where they can infect the nasal membranes. Inhaling contaminated droplets produced when someone else coughs or sneezes may be one way to catch a cold. Cold viruses can remain infective even if they are outside the body for a few hours. Therefore, you can also catch a cold if you handle something that is contaminated with a cold virus—for example, the doorknob of a classroom or a restroom door—and then scratch your nose or rub your eyes with your contaminated fingers. The cold viruses can reach your nose when you rub your eyes because the virus can be passed down the tear ducts that go from the eyes into the nasal cavities. 1 2 Primary purpose: See pages 267 and 268 in textbook 3 A. to inform B. to persuade C. to entertain The purpose is to inform us about how cold viruses spread. To do this, the author describes two specific ways they spread.

Sometimes, writing may blend two or even three purposes. CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose More than one purpose Sometimes, writing may blend two or even three purposes. See page 268 in textbook

Inform Persuade Entertain More than one purpose CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Purpose More than one purpose For example, a persuasive article on the importance of avoiding junk food Inform might include a number of facts Persuade See page 268 in textbook Entertain and even some comic touches. But remember to focus on the author’s primary purpose.

a writer’s attitude toward his or her subject CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Tone Tone is See page 270 in textbook a writer’s attitude toward his or her subject

Tone is expressed through the words and details the writer selects. CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Tone Tone is expressed through the words and details the writer selects. A writer’s voice can project one or more tones, or feelings, such as See page 270 in textbook

Anger Anger Respect Cheerfulness Tone CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone See page 270 in textbook

(Tone: Fair, objective) CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Tone Three examples of tone: Statements made by students of a demanding teacher. She hates students, that’s all there is to it. I can’t wait until I’m out of her class. l (Tone: Bitter, angry) She’s tough, but she’s also really good. I’ve learned more from her than I’ve learned from any other teacher. l (Tone: Fair, objective) See page 271 in textbook I might as well just stop going to class now. I’m never going to understand the material. It’s hopeless. l (Tone: Pessimistic)

For a list of more than eighty tone words CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Tone ashamed doubtful praising worried playful disapproving respectful accepting conceited forgiving fearful cheerful loving joyous affectionate scornful ambivalent ironic instructive lighthearted objective informal scheming bewildered forgiving indignant arrogant impassioned bitter caring serious alarmed curious regretful sympathetic critical grateful encouraging threatening warm insulting humorous calming concerned amused compassionate sarcastic superior matter-of-fact reverent tolerant straightforward prideful despairing optimistic solemn hypocritical disbelieving sentimental appreciative admiring self-critical excited defensive tragic apologetic frightened approving self-pitying sorrowful alarmed cruel determined nostalgic suggestive For a list of more than eighty tone words see pages 271–273 in the textbook. See pages 271 through 273 in textbook

What is tone in this statement? CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Tone What is tone in this statement? Wal-Mart may create an economic underclass in our town. Its employees aren’t paid enough to live on, and they have very poor benefits. l A. encouraging B. worried C. determined See page 273 in textbook ANSWER: B The next slide shows and explains the answer.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Wal-Mart may create an economic underclass in our town. Its employees aren’t paid enough to live on, and they have very poor benefits. l A. encouraging 3 B. worried C. determined The writer suggests that Wal-Mart’s low wages and benefits may have a negative economic effect on the town. This reveals a worried tone. See pages 273 and 274 in textbook

What is tone in this statement? CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Tone What is tone in this statement? Wal-Mart may create an economic underclass in our town. Its employees aren’t paid enough to live on, and they have very poor benefits. l A. encouraging 3 B. worried C. determined Wal-Mart is a fact of life. It’s going to hurt some people, but at least we’ll be able to buy a lot of things at lower prices. l A. accepting B. regretful C. cynical See page 273 in textbook ANSWER: A The next slide shows and explains the answer.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Wal-Mart may create an economic underclass in our town. Its employees aren’t paid enough to live on, and they have very poor benefits. l A. encouraging 3 B. worried C. determined Wal-Mart is a fact of life. It’s going to hurt some people, but at least we’ll be able to buy a lot of things at lower prices. l 3 A. accepting B. regretful C. cynical See pages 273 and 274 in textbook The statement “Wal-Mart is a fact of life” indicates the writer’s acceptance, as does her effort to balance the negative aspects of Wal-Mart with the benefit of lower prices.

What is tone in this statement? CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Tone What is tone in this statement? Wal-Mart may create an economic underclass in our town. Its employees aren’t paid enough to live on, and they have very poor benefits. l A. encouraging 3 B. worried C. determined Wal-Mart is a fact of life. It’s going to hurt some people, but at least we’ll be able to buy a lot of things at lower prices. l 3 A. accepting B. regretful C. cynical Our local government says Wal-Mart will benefit everyone. That’s a joke. Wal-Mart is mainly going to benefit itself and our local politicians. l See page 273 in textbook ANSWER: B The next slide shows and explains the answer. A. cheerful B. cynical C. threatening

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Wal-Mart may create an economic underclass in our town. Its employees aren’t paid enough to live on, and they have very poor benefits. l A. encouraging 3 B. worried C. determined Wal-Mart is a fact of life. It’s going to hurt some people, but at least we’ll be able to buy a lot of things at lower prices. l 3 A. accepting B. regretful C. cynical l See pages 273 and 274 in textbook Our local government says Wal-Mart will benefit everyone. That’s a joke. Wal-Mart is mainly going to benefit itself and our local politicians. A. cheerful 3 B. cynical C. threatening This writer clearly does not believe claim that Wal-Mart will benefit everyone. Her comment “That’s a joke” gives the item a cynical tone.

One commonly used tone is irony. CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Tone A Note on Irony One commonly used tone is irony. See page 274 in textbook

» « Irony involves a contrast between expectations and reality. CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Tone / A Note on Irony Irony involves a contrast between expectations and reality. Reality » « Expectations See page 274 in textbook

Both language and situations can be ironic. CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Tone / A Note on Irony Both language and situations can be ironic. Verbal Irony Irony of Situation See page 274 in textbook

What is said contrasts with what is meant. CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Tone / A Note on Irony Verbal Irony What is said contrasts with what is meant. See page 274 in textbook What is meant » « What is said

you are using verbal irony. CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Tone / A Note on Irony Verbal Irony For example, if a telemarketer calls you in the middle of dinner and you say: “I’m so glad you’ve called. I hate eating dinner while it’s still hot.” See page 274 in textbook you are using verbal irony.

» « What is meant Verbal Irony The words you have said CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Tone / A Note on Irony Verbal Irony The words you have said are the opposite of what you really mean. “I’m so glad you’ve called. I hate eating dinner while it’s still hot.” “I’m so glad you’ve called. I hate eating dinner while it’s still hot.” What is said See page 274 in textbook » « What is meant “I’m very annoyed you’ve called. I enjoy eating dinner while it’s still hot.”

What is expected or intended contrasts with what actually happens. CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Tone / A Note on Irony Irony of Situation Verbal Irony What is expected or intended contrasts with what actually happens. See page 274 in textbook What actually happens » « What is expected

» « What actually happens Irony of Situation Example: CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Tone / A Note on Irony Irony of Situation Example: A city fire fighter turns out to be an arsonist responsible for a string of fires. See page 274 in textbook What actually happens » « What is expected

Can you explain the irony in this cartoon? CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Tone / A Note on Irony Can you explain the irony in this cartoon? See page 275 in textbook ANSWER: the sign advertising the communication workshop communicates very poorly The next slide shows and explains the answer.

It fails to communicate just when and where the workshop will be. CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone Tone / A Note on Irony See page 275 in textbook The irony is that the sign advertising the communication workshop communicates very poorly. It fails to communicate just when and where the workshop will be.

CHAPTER 7 Purpose and Tone See page 279 in textbook