1. Culture- the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. Example: Shaking the head in a horizontal direction in most countries means „no”, while in India it means “yes”, and in Hindi language the voice lowers in pitch at the end of a question. Cultural Conflict- different social groups have different cultural beliefs and ideas which conflict, and this conflict sometimes leads to crime. Tone- is an attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience. Example: I hated how the Mongols conquered China and killed millions of people. All the Mongols should be punished for their uncivilized actions. Diction- style of speaking or writing as dependent upon choice of words. Connotation- the associations and emotional overtones attached to a word beyond its literal definition or denotation. A connotation may be positive, negative, or neutral. Ex. Despicable has a negative connotation.

2. Satire- a manner of writing that mixes a critical attitude with wit and humor in an effort to improve mankind and human institutions. Ex. Humor- the quality of being amusing. Ex. When you are waiting for the bus and someone asks "Has the bus come yet?" If the bus came, would I be standing here? Hyperbole- exaggeration used to suggest strong emotion or create a comic effect. Ex. I nearly died of laughter. Conflict- a struggle or problem in a story. An internal conflict occurs when a character struggles between opposing needs or desires or emotions within his or her own mind. An external conflict occurs when a character struggles against an outside force. This force may be another character, a societal expectation, or something in the physical world. Ex. Theme- a writer’s central idea or main message about life. Ex. Wisdom of experience, friendship, facing reality.

3. imagery: the verbal expression of sensory experience; descriptive or figurative language used to create word pictures; imagery is created by details that appeal to one or more of the five senses purpose: the reason for which something is done or created or for which something exists synthesis: the act of combining ideas from different sources to create, express, or support a new idea audience: the intended readers listeners, or viewers of specific types of written, spoken or visual texts juxtaposition: the arrangement of two or more things for the purpose of comparison

4. Understandment - The representation as something as smaller or less significant than it really is; the opposite of exaggeration or hyperbole Persona – The voice assumed by a writer to express ideas or beliefs that may not be his or her own Argument – A form of writing that presents a particular opinion or idea that supports it with evidence Persuasion - the action or fact of persuading someone or of being persuaded to do or believe something Compound Sentences – A sentence containing two independent clauses EX: I think I will buy the red car, or I will lease the blue one. Complex Sentences – A sentence containing one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses EX: Because my coffee was too cold, I heated it in the microwave