IP Routing

Chapter 8 Objectives Understanding IP routing Static routing Dynamic routing RIP RIPv2 OSPF EIGRP Verifying routing Router Security 2

What is Routing? To route a router need to know: Remote Networks Neighbor Routers All Possible routes to remote network The absolute best route to all remote networks Maintain and verify the routing information Once you create an internetwork by connecting your WANs and LANs to a router, you then need to configure logical network addresses, such as IP addresses, to all hosts on the internetwork so that they can communicate across that internetwork. The term routing is used for taking a packet from one device and sending it through the network to another device on a different network. Routers don’t care about hosts—they only care about networks and the best path to each network. The logical network address of the destination host is used to get packets to a network through a routed network, then the hardware address of the host is used to deliver the packet from a router to the correct destination host. D C B A

What is Routing? To route a router need to know: Remote Networks Neighbor Routers All Possible routes to remote network The absolute best route to all remote networks Maintain and verify the routing information Once you create an internetwork by connecting your WANs and LANs to a router, you then need to configure logical network addresses, such as IP addresses, to all hosts on the internetwork so that they can communicate across that internetwork. The term routing is used for taking a packet from one device and sending it through the network to another device on a different network. Routers don’t care about hosts—they only care about networks and the best path to each network. The logical network address of the destination host is used to get packets to a network through a routed network, then the hardware address of the host is used to deliver the packet from a router to the correct destination host. D C B A

Basic Path Selection The router will packet switch the packet to the FastEthernet 0/0 interface and then frame it and send it out the LAN What interface will the router send out a packet if it has destination address of 10.10.10.10?

Simple IP Routing >ping 172.16.20.2 The IP routing process is fairly simple and doesn’t change, regardless of the size of network you have. For an example, we’ll describe step by step what happens when Host A wants to communicate with Host B on a different network. In this example, a user on Host A pings Host B’s IP address.

Host A Web browses to the HTTP Server…. Routing/PDU Example: Host A Web browses to the HTTP Server…. 1. The destination address of a frame will be the MAC address of the E0 interface of the Lab_A router 1. The destination address of a frame will be the _______________________ 2. The destination IP address of a packet will be the IP address of the network interface of the HTTP server 2. The destination IP address of a packet will be the IP address of the________________________________ 3. The destination port number in a segment header will have a value of 80 This slide represents how segments, packets and frames are used to send data from HostA to the HTTP server. It’s important to remember that frames are “ALWAYS” on a local network and hardware addressees are used. Packets are used to route a segment from one network to another network Segments are used to rebuild a datastream on a remote host, in this case, the HTTP server. 3. The destination port number in a segment header will have a value of __

Static Routes Routes must be unidirectional Stub Network 172.16.2.0 172.16.1.0 SO SO A A B B 172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2 Static routing occurs when you manually add routes in each router’s routing table. There are pros and cons to static routing, but that’s true for all routing processes. Things that are good about static routing: -No overhead on the router CPU -No bandwidth usage between routers -Security (because the administrator can only allow routing to certain networks) Things that aren’t so good about static routing: -The administrator must really understand the internetwork and how each router is connected super well in order to configure routes correctly. -If a network is added to the internetwork, the administrator has to add a route to it on all routers—by hand. -It just won’t work for you in large networks because maintaining it would be a full-time job in itself. Routes must be unidirectional

Static Route Configuration ip route remote network [mask] {address|interface} [distance] [permanent] Here’s the command you use to add a static route to a routing table: ip route [destination_network] [mask] [next-hop_address or exitinterface] [administrative_distance] [permanent] This list describes each command in the string: Ip route: The command used to create the static route. Destination network: The network you’re placing in the routing table. Mask: The subnet mask being used on the network. Next-hop address: The address of the next-hop router that will receive the packet and forward it to the remote network. This is a router interface that’s on a directly connected network. You must be able to ping the router interface before you add the route. Exit interface: You can use it in place of the next-hop address if you want, but it’s got to be on a point-to-point link, like a WAN. This command won’t work on a LAN like Ethernet. Administrative distance: By default, static routes have an administrative distance of 1. You can change the default value by adding an administrative weight at the end of the command. Permanent: If the interface is shut down, or the router can’t communicate to the next-hop router, the route will automatically be discarded from the routing table. Choosing the permanent option keeps the entry in the routing table no matter what happens. Router(config)#ip route remote_network mask next_hop

Static Route Example Stub Network 172.16.2.0 172.16.1.0 SO SO A B B 172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2 This slide shows an example of a simple static route command. ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.2 or ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 s0

Default Routes Stub Network 172.16.1.0 172.16.2.0 SO SO A B B 172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2 We use default routing to send packets with a remote destination network not in the routing table to the next-hop router. You can only use default routing on stub networks—those with only one exit port out of the network. ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.3.1 ip classless

Routing vs. Routed Routing protocols are used between routers to: Determine the path of a packet through a network Maintain routing tables Examples? Routed protocols are: Assigned to an interface Once the path is determined by the Routing protocol, determines method of delivery A routing protocol is used by routers to dynamically find all the networks in the internetwork and to ensure that all routers have the same routing table. Basically, a routing protocol determines the path of a packet through an internetwork. Examples of routing protocols are RIP, IGRP, EIGRP and OSPF. Okay—once all routers know about all networks, a routed protocol can be used to send user data (packets) through the established enterprise. Routed protocols are assigned to an interface and determine the method of packet delivery. Examples of routed protocols are IP and IPX.

Routing Protocols IGPs: RIP, IGRP EGPs: BGP Autonomous System 1 There are two types of routing protocols used in internetworks: interior gateway protocols (IGPs) and exterior gateway protocols (EGPs). IGPs are used to exchange routing information with routers in the same autonomous system (AS). An AS is a collection of networks under a common administrative domain, which basically means that all routers sharing the same routing table information are in the same AS. EGPs are used to communicate between ASs. An example of an EGP is Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), which is discussed in the GlobalNet CCNP course. An autonomous system is a collection of networks under a common administrative domain. IGPs operate within an autonomous system. EGPs connect different autonomous systems.

Classful Routing Overview Classful routing protocols do not include the subnet mask with the route advertisement. Within the same network, consistency of the subnet masks is assumed. Summary routes are exchanged between foreign networks. Examples of classful routing protocols: RIP Version 1 (RIPv1) IGRP Classful routing means that all devices in the network must use the same subnet mask.

Classless Routing Overview Classless routing protocols include the subnet mask with the route advertisement. Classless routing protocols support variable-length subnet masking (VLSM). Summary routes can be manually controlled within the network. Examples of classless routing protocols: RIP Version 2 (RIPv2) EIGRP OSPF IS-IS Prefix routing does send subnet mask information with the route updates. This is called classless routing.

Administrative Distance Router A Router B IGRP Administrative Distance=100 RIP Administrative Distance=120 Router C Router D The administrative distance (AD) is used to rate the trustworthiness of routing information received on a router from a neighbor router. An administrative distance is an integer from 0 to 255, where 0 is the most trusted and 255 means no traffic will be passed via this route. If a router receives two updates listing the same remote network, the first thing the router checks is the AD. If one of the advertised routes has a lower AD than the other, then the route with the lowest AD will be placed in the routing table. If both advertised routes to the same network have the same AD, then routing protocol metrics (such as hop count or bandwidth of the lines) will be used to find the best path to the remote network. The advertised route with the lowest metric will be placed in the routing table. But if both advertised routes have the same AD as well as the same metrics, then the routing protocol will load-balance to the remote network. Default Administrative Distance Directly Connected: 0 Static Route: 1 RIP: 120 IGRP: 100 EIGRP: 90 OSPF: 110 5

Distance—How far Vector—In which direction Distance Vector Distance—How far Vector—In which direction D C B A Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table Distance vector algorithms do not allow a router to know the exact topology of an internetwork. All routers just broadcast their entire routing table out all active interfaces on periodic time intervals The distance-vector protocols find the best path to a remote network by judging distance. Each time a packet goes through a router, that’s called a hop. The route with the least number of hops to the network is determined to be the best route. The vector indicates the direction to the remote network. Both RIP and IGRP are distance-vector routing protocols.

Discovering Routes Routers, when powered up and the interfaces are enabled, have only their directly connected networks in the routing table

Discovering Routes

Routing Loops

Router Loop Prevention Maximum Hop Count Split Horizon Route Poisoning Holddowns

RIP Overview 64kbps T1 T1 T1 Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a true distance-vector routing protocol. It sends the complete routing table out to all active interfaces every 30 seconds. RIP only uses hop count to determine the best way to a remote network, but it has a maximum allowable hop count of 15 by default, meaning that 16 is deemed unreachable. RIP works well in small networks, but it’s inefficient on large networks with slow WAN links or on networks with a large number of routers installed. RIP version 1 uses only classful routing, which means that all devices in the network must use the same subnet mask. Hop count metric selects the path, 16 is unreachable Full route table broadcast every 30 seconds Load balance maximum of 6 equal cost paths (default = 4) RIPv2 supports VLSM and Discontiguous networks 5

RIP Routing Configuration Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#network network-number* 192.168.10.0 10.3.5.0 172.16.10.0 network 172.16.0.0 network 10.0.0.0 router RIP network 172.16.0.0 network 192.168.10.0 router RIP To configure RIP routing, just turn on the protocol with the router rip command and tell the RIP routing protocol which networks to advertise. That’s it. Understand that RIP is configured with classful routing network addresses! *Network is a classful network address. Every device on network uses the same subnet mask

RIP Version 2 Allows the use of variable length subnet masks (VLSM) by sending subnet mask information with each route update Distance Vector – same AD, and timers. Easy configuration, just add the command “version 2” under the router rip configuration Easy configuration, just add the command “version 2” under the router rip configuration. RIPv2 is the preferred choice over RIPv1 because it supports VLSM and discontiguous networks. router rip network 10.0.0.0 version 2

Discontiguous Addressing Two networks of the same classful networks are separated by a different network address 192.168.10.0/24 192.168.10.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 If you create VLSM network, sometimes you may find that the backbone connecting buildings together is a different class of network. This is called discontiguous addressing. By default routing protocols will not work across discontiguous networks. By using the “no auto-summary” command on the network boundaries, routing protocols will be able do work across a discontiguous addressed network. RIPv1 and IGRP do not advertise subnet masks, and therefore cannot support discontiguous subnets. OSPF, EIGRP, and RIPv2 can advertise subnet masks, and therefore can support discontiguous subnets.

Passive Interface Maybe you don’t want to send RIP updates out your router interface connected to the Internet. Use the passive-interface command: Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#passive-interface serial0 You probably don’t want your RIP network advertised everywhere on your LAN and WAN—there’s not a whole lot to be gained by advertising your RIP network to the Internet, now is there? No worries—there are a few different ways to stop unwanted RIP updates from propagating across your LANs and WANs. The easiest one is through the passive-interface command. This command prevents RIP update broadcasts from being sent out a defined interface, but that same interface can still receive RIP updates. X Updates Internet S0 Gateway This allows a router to receive route updates on an interface, but not send updates via that interface

Verifying RIP Router#show ip protocols Router#show ip route Router#debug ip rip Router#undebug all (un all) Show ip protocols: show routing protocols information and timers Show protocols: show routed protocol information Show ip route: displays the routing table Debug ip rip: show rip updates being sent and received on your router Undebug all or no debug ip rip: turns off debugging

Summary Open your books and go through all the written labs and the review questions. Review the answers in class. 28