1. CCNA 2 v3.1 Module 6 Routing and Routing Protocols

2. Objectives

3. Route Types

4. Introducing Routing
In order to forward packets correctly, routers must learn the path to remote networks.
There are methods by which a router can learn these routes:
Dynamic routing - information is learned from other routers, and routing protocols adjust routes automatically.
Static routing - network administrator configures information about remote networks manually. They are used to reduce overhead and for security.
Because of the extra administrative requirements, static routing does not have the scalability of dynamic routing.
In most networks static routes are often used in conjunction with a dynamic routing protocol.

5. ip route network_address network_mask next_hop | interface_admin_dist
Static Routes
Static routes are manually configured using the ip route command
The IP route command can set the next hop by specifying either:
The outgoing interface, or
The next hop IP address of the adjacent router
See examples in next slides
Command Format
ip route network_address network_mask next_hop | interface_admin_dist

6. 1. Specifying the Outgoing Interface

7. 2. Specifying the Next-hop IP Address

8. Administrative Distance
The Administrative Distance is the trustworthiness of the source of the route.
The router by default assigns a Administrative Distance of 1 to static routes.
It is assumed that if the administrator takes the time to figure out what route the packet should take then this routing information must be very reliable
Only directly connected routes have a default Administrative Distance that is trusted more (directly connected default Administrative Distance is 0).
Administrative Distance should not be confused with the Metric of the route. The metric of the route is how good an individual route is
When a router selects a route to a particular destination to put in the routing table, it first examines the Administrative Distance of all the routes available to that destination
If it has alternate routes to the same destination it will use the route with the lowest Administrative Distance

9. Configuring Static Routes
We can configure static routes to all destinations

10. Non-directly Connected Networks
Or we can set a default route to be used for any destination that does not have a routing table entry

11. Verifying Static Route Configuration
The command show running-config is used to view the active configuration in RAM to verify that the static route was entered correctly.
The show ip route command is used to make sure that the static route is present in the routing table

12. Static routes to next hop addresses have administrative distance of 1.
Static routes between networks are manually configured by an administrator.
Static routes are added with the following command:
Router(config)#
ip route E0
Static routes out interfaces have an administrative distance of 0.
Network Address
Subnet Mask
Interface
This command sets a default route on a router: ip route [next-hop-address | outgoing interface]
Router(config)#
ip route
Static routes to next hop addresses have administrative distance of 1.
You can specify a non-default administrative distance for a static route:
Router(config)#
ip route
Default routes are used to route packets with destinations that do not match any of the other routes in the routing table

13. Troubleshooting Static Route Configuration
The show interfaces command
The ping command
The traceroute command

14. Verifying / Troubleshooting the Static Route
Verifying static route configuration
After static routes are configured it is important to verify that they are present in the routing table and that routing is working as expected
The command show running-config is used to view the active configuration in NVRAM to verify that the static route was entered correctly
The show ip route command is used to make sure that the static route is present in the routing table
Troubleshooting static route configuration
The show interfaces command can be used to check the state and configuration of the interface that is to be used for the route gateway
The ping command is used to determine if end-to end connectivity exists
If an echo reply is not received after a ping, traceroute will be used to determine which router in the route path is dropping the packets

15. The show ip route Command Output

16. The ping and traceroute Commands

17. Routed Versus Routing Protocol

18. Autonomous Systems
AS 10
AS 20

19. Autonomous Systems
Autonomous Systems divide the global internetwork into smaller, more manageable networks.
An Autonomous System is a collection of networks under a common administration (a single organisation, ISP or systems administrator) and sharing a common routing strategy.
Typically the world wide organisation ICANN, the ISP, or the administrator assigns a unique AS number to the Autonomous System.
The Autonomous System number uniquely distinguish it from other Autonomous Systems around the world.
Each Autonomous Systems has its own set of rules and policies.

20. Dynamic Routing Operations

21. Classes of Routing Protocols

22. Routing Protocols
The success of dynamic routing depends on two basic router functions:
Maintenance of a routing table
Timely distribution of knowledge, in the form of routing updates, to other routers.
Types of routing protocols
Distant Vector
determines the distance (hop count) and direction (vector – next hop) to a destination network
Link-State
maintains the complete network topology and determines the shortest path to each destination
Hybrid protocols (like EIGRP)
contain some elements of both.
Different routing protocols use different metrics to determine the best route to a network.
Administrative Distances are used to rate the trustworthiness of the various route entries.

23. Distance Vector Concepts

24. Distance Vector Routing Protocols
The distance-vector routing algorithm passes complete routing tables to neighbor routers.
RIP is a distance vector routing protocol:
Uses hop count as its metric
Router(config)#
Configuration Example:
router rip
Router(config-router)#
network

25. Routing Metric Components

26. Link-State Concepts

27. Link-State Network Discovery

28. Link-State Topology Changes

29. Link-State Concerns

30. Routing Protocols – Path Determination
Routing protocols create and maintain routing tables
From these tables routing of packets can be performed
Routing consists of two basic mechanisms:
Path Determination:
Router uses the routing table to determine the best path to the destination
Switching (forwarding):
Accept a packet on the incomming interface
and switches it to the outgoing interface
(based on result of path determination)

31. Default Route
The Default Route entry in the right hand router sends packets for any unknown destination network out S1.

32. IP Routing Configuration Tasks

33. Using the router and network Commands

34. Routing Protocols

35. Interior/Exterior Routing Protocols

36. Interior Gateway Protocols different organizations
EGP and IGP Overview
________________________ are designed for use in networks that are under the control of a single organization.
Exterior Gateway Protocols are designed for use between different networks that are under the control of ___________________.
________________________ are typically used between ISPs or between a company and an ISP.
Interior Gateway Protocols
different organizations
Exterior Gateway Protocols
IGP
EGP

37. Routing Protocols Overview
Features
Distance vector, hop count metric, maximum 15 hops, broadcasts updates every 30 secs.
Cisco proprietary distance vector, bandwidth / load / delay / reliability composite metric, broadcast updates every 90 secs.
Cisco proprietary, enhanced distance vector (hybrid), load balancing, uses DUAL to calculate shortest path.
Routing updates are triggered by topology changes.
Link-state, open standard, Uses SPF algorithm. Routing updates are sent as topology changes occur.
Distance vector exterior routing protocol, used between ISPs, used to route traffic between ASs.
RIP
IGRP
EIGRP
OSPF
BGP

38. Summary