ISKO 2010 Conference Paradigms and conceptual systems in KO Sapienza University of Rome, Faculty of Philosophy February 23, 2010 – February 26, 2010 Ontological foundations of KO Alfred Gerstenkorn: Entities and quiddities: about ontological and epistemological conceptualization for KO

vlvl v = Vorstellung l = Lautbild Vorstellung Lautbild The Linguistic Sign (de Saussure 1916) Source: de Saussure F., 1967 (1931), Grundfragen der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft, Berlin 1967, p. 14, 78

Stands for (an imputed relation) TRUE CORRECT Symbolises (a causal relation) REFERENT ADEQUATE Refers to (other causal relations) SYMBOL THOUGHT OR REFERENCE The Semiotic Triangle (Ogden and Richards 1923) Source: Ogden C. K., Richards I. A (1923), The Meaning of Meaning, London 1994, p. 16

Begriffe (Sprachsystem) Zeichen Bedeutung Individuen (Sprechen) Four-part Word Model (Wüster 1979) Source: Wüster E., 1991 (1979), Einführung in die Allgemeine Terminologielehre und Terminologische Lexikographie, Bonn 1991, p. 165

The brain world: Classes, individuals Concepts of material objects including names Concepts of immaterial objects; immaterial objects The outer brain world: Individuals Material objects (names and other objects) Individual name concept General name concept Individual object concept name object Material object representing itself (can be also a name) Material object representing something else: Name (words, sentences etc.) Immaterial object: Feeling, belief „preconceptual“ thought, etc. Brain of sender Brain of recipient names Individual name concept concept Broader concept General object concept Individual object concept object Immaterial object; Feeling, belief, „preconceptual“ thought, etc. names The Binary Conceptualization (Gerstenkorn 2009) Source: Gerstenkorn A., Lengdorf 2009

THIS ENTITY / THIS PIGEON Binary Conceptualization (Gerstenkorn 2010) Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity R R RR R RRR R BROADER CONCEPT Brain World Outer Brain World General object concept Individual object concept General name concept Individual name concept Similar objects = names Similar objects R Entity Quiddity OBJECT NAME AN ENTITY / A PIGEON “AN ENTITY“ / “A PIGEON“ “THIS ENTITY“ / “THIS PIGEON“ e “pigeon“ “e“ “UNO PICCIONE“ “EINE TAUBE“ … “piccione“ “Taube“ A BIRD “UNO UCCELLO“ “EIN VOGEL“ “A BIRD“

BACKUP

Binary Conceptualization (Gerstenkorn 2010) Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity R R RR R RRR R A BROADER CONCEPT= A BROADER GENERAL OBJECT CONCEPT, connected to a new GENERAL NAME CONCEPT R= Entity with the quiddity relation and additional quiddities like causing, connecting, implicating, representing, symbolizing, referring Brain World Outer Brain World General object concept Individual object concept General name concept Individual name concept Similar objects=names Similar objects R Entity Quiddity OBJECTNAME “pigeon“ “e“ e

Binary Conceptualization (Gerstenkorn 2010) Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity R R RR R RRR R A BROADER CONCEPT= A BROADER GENERAL OBJECT CONCEPT, connected to a new GENERAL NAME CONCEPT R= Entity with the quiddity relation and additional quiddities like causing, connecting, implicating, representing, symbolizing, referring Brain World Outer Brain World General object concept Individual object concept General name concept Individual name concept Similar objects=names Similar objects R Entity Quiddity OBJECTNAME AN ENTITY / A PIGEON THIS ENTITY / THIS PIGEON “AN ENTITY“ / “A PIGEON“ “THIS ENTITY“ / “THIS PIGEON“ e “pigeon“ “e“

die Dinge einer der andere organum The Organon Model (Bühler 1934  Platon) Source: Bühler K., 1965 (1934), Sprachtheorie. Die Darstellungsfunktion der Sprache, Stuttgart 1956, p. 25

katà synthéken Symbolisierung prágmata Erkenntnis tà en tê phonê tà en tê psychê pathémata The Basic Triangle Model according to Aristotle (Trabant 1996  Aristoteles) semaínein ba c Source: Trabant J., 1996, Elemente der Semiotik, Tübingen 1996, p.25

A Referent B Characteristics C Verbal Form designation denotation predication The Concept Triangle (Dahlberg 1978) Source: Dahlberg I., 1978, A Referent-Oriented, Analytical Concept Theorie for INTERCONCEPT, International Classification, 5, n. 3, p. 144

item of reference correct statements about item synthesis of statements in verbal form: term or name Usages of verbal form in the universe of discourses, applications Universe of items; ideas, objects, facts, laws, properties, actions, etc. Model for Concept Construction (Dahlberg 1978) Source: Dahlberg I., 1978, A Referent-Oriented, Analytical Concept Theorie for INTERCONCEPT, International Classification, 5, n. 3, p. 143

Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity Entity Quiddity R R Brain World Outer Brain World Entity Quiddity Individual object concept „preconceptual thought“ R R General object concept Immaterial Objects and Concepts of Immaterial Objects Individual object concept „preconceptual thought“

Entity Quiddity R Entity Quiddity EYE R WHOLE-PART-RELATION/PART-WHOLE-RELATION Entity Quiddity … Entity Quiddity RR Entity Quiddity … RIDGE OF THE NOSE NOSTRIL FACE NOSE R R R MEDIUM-SIZED ORGAN SENSE OF SMELL Other entities as quiddities: Entity: r; Quiddity: R=Relation (Whole-Part, inverse: Part-Whole)

Entity Quiddity R Entity Quiddity HEAT R Non-hierarchic relations Entity Quiddity RR FIRE R causal relations SMOKE RR WHITE RISING Other entities as quiddities Entity: r; Quiddity: R=Relation (causal relation + inverse)

Non-hierarchic relation Metaphorical speech (tropus) „The foot of the mountain“ The foot (entity) is the lowest part (quiddity) of the human body (entity) as well as the base (entity) is the lowest part (quiddity) of the mountain (entity), thus the quiddity “is the lowest part“ is the so called tertium comparationis.

Names: Pronunciations and Writings General name concept “PIGEON“ General visual name concept “PIGEON“ different pronunciations different writings General acoustic name concept “pigeon“ “pigeoooon““piiigeon““bigeon“ Individual visual name concept Individual acoustic name concept

Gegenstände und Sachverhalte EmpfängerSender Appell Ausdruck Darstellung Z The Organon Model (Bühler 1934  Platon) Source: Bühler K., 1965 (1934), Sprachtheorie. Die Darstellungsfunktion der Sprache, Stuttgart 1956, p. 28