1. FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE CHARLES SANDERS PEIRCE SEMIOLOGY Based on Müjgan Büyüktaş’ work

2. Saussure’s SEMIOLOGY deals with spoken language The study of natural or human phenomena in terms of signs or signification. Signs, signifiers, and signifieds

3. SAUSSURE’S SIGN DEFINITION “The sign is the whole that results from the association of the signifier with the signified” (Saussure) Signified and Signifier are both psychological (form rather than substance) Saussure´s model of the sign refers only to a concept and not to a thing

4. SAUSSURE’S SIGN DEFINITION

5. Same signifier can stand for different signifieds depending on the context The link between signified and signifier is arbitrary (nothing ‘treeish’ about word ‘tree’) No specific signifier is ‘naturally’ more suited to a signified than another

6. SIGNIFIER: 1. Word ‘tree’ 2. Picture of a tree 3. Pronunciation of ‘tree’ SIGNIFIED Concept of a tree

7. PEIRCIAN SEMIOLOGY deals with graphic representations A sign – something which stands to somebody for something else, in some respect or capacity Icon: A sign which means by virtue of resemblance to what it signifies. Signifier is perceived as resembling or imitating the signified. Eg. Pictures, maps, diagrams. Index: A sign which points to something else by virtue of a casual relationship. Signifier is directly connected in some way (physically or causally) to the signified. Eg. Smoke – fire, Mark on a termometer- body temperature. Symbol: Signifier does not resemble the signified. It is fundamentally arbitrary or purely conventional. € - Euro, alphabeths.

9. SYMBOL (Both for Saussure and Peirce) Symbols refer to objects by virtue of law, rule, custom, convention, tradition, culture, norm. No similarity or casual link is suggested between the word tree and the object it refers.

10. PEIRCEAN SEMIOTICS

11. INTERPRETANT The importance of the interpretant for Peirce is that signification is not a simple dyadic relationship between sign and object: a sign signifies only in being interpreted. This makes the interpretant central to the content of the sign, in that, the meaning of a sign is manifest in the interpretation that it generates in sign users.

12. PEIRCEAN SEMIOTICS Representamen – form which the sign takes (not necessarily material) Object – to which the sign refers Interpretant – idea, interpretation in mind Every interpretant is itself a further sign of the signified object. Since interpretants are the interpreting thoughts we have of signifying relations, and these interpreting thoughts are themselves signs, it seems to be a straight-forward consequence that all thoughts are signs, or as Peirce calls them “thought-signs”.

13. Semiology and Literary Criticism Semiotics is important because it can help us not to take ‘reality’ for granted as something having a purely objective existence which is independent of human interpretation Information or meaning is NOT contained in the world We live in a world of signs and we have no way of understanding anything except through signs Deconstructing and contesting the realities of signs can reveal whose realities are privileged and whose are supressed