BRAIN & AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DEEPER INTO BODYMIND UNITY

Central Nervous System (p. 610) Brain and spinal cord Protected by Skull Vertebral column Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Brain (pp. 610, 611) Main sections are: Cerebrum Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain stem Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cerebrum (p. 610) Largest area of brain Contains: Sensory areas and motor areas Language centers Limbic system (this also overlaps with diencephalon) Governs many emotions Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cerebral Cortex (p. 611) Outer region Topography characterized by: Sulci Grooves Fissures, or deep sulci, separate cerebrum into lobes Gyri Elevated ridges Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cerebral Hemispheres (p. 611) Cerebrum contains right and left hemispheres Research indicates they possess specialized functions Longitudinal fissure Separates hemispheres Corpus callosum Transverse fibers connecting hemispheres Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Hemispheric Specialization (p. 611) Left hemisphere Language: receptive and expressive Reasoning and analytical skills such as math Right hemisphere Music Art and spatial relationships Emotional expression These differences were discovered mainly through examination of patients who underwent surgery to sever the corpus callosum in an attempt to control seizures. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cerebral Lobes (p. 611) Four Lobes: Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital The lobes are named for the bones they lie beneath. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cerebral Lobes (p. 612) Note the lobes, different areas, and sulci. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Frontal Lobe (p. 611) Regulates motor output and cognition Contains: Broca’s areas (left hemisphere only) Speech production Prefrontal cortex Where emotions are processed Precentral gyrus Called “primary motor area” The central sulcus is located between the frontal and parietal lobes. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Precentral Gyrus (p. 613) The hands, face, lips, jaw, and tongue take up approximately 80% of this neural space. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Parietal Lobe (p. 611) Regulates proprioception, reading, and taste Governs sensory input Mainly skin and muscles Contains: Postcentral gyrus Called “primary somatosensory area” Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Postcentral Gyrus This illustration is from chapter 22. To review, precentral gyrus is a motor area and postcentral gyrus is a somatosensory area. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Temporal and Occipital Lobes (p. 611) Temporal lobe Contains auditory and olfactory areas Wernicke area (left hemisphere only) Language comprehension Occipital lobe Contains visual areas The lateral fissure separates the temporal lobe and the frontal and parietal lobes. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Brain Waves and States of Consciousness (p. 612) Consciousness: degree of mental alertness and responsiveness Levels of consciousness recorded as brain wave patterns Beta Alpha Theta Delta The devise that records brain wave patterns in an electroencephalogram or EEG. Brain waves and their associated states of consciousness and are identified by Greek letters. The list of brain waves on the slide is from fastest to slowest. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Brain Waves Patterns (p. 612) Beta Wakeful consciousness and mental activity REM sleep appears as beta waves Alpha Awake and relaxed REM stands for Rapid Eye Movement and is the dreaming phase of sleep. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Brain Wave Patterns, cont’d (p. 613) Theta Drowsiness and dreamlike awareness Used in hypnosis to access deep-rooted memories Delta Deep sleep from which subject is not easily aroused Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Diencephalon (p. 613) Located in center of brain Contains two primary structures: Thalamus Hypothalamus Also contains two glands: Pituitary Pineal Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Diencephalon (overlaps with Limbic system) Hypothalamus - in charge of Autonomic Nervous System and Endocrine System Emotion, anger, memory, hunger, thirst body temperature, sexual desire & activity sleep-wake, biorhythms maternal behavior, blood pressure, immune responses Diencephalon #1

Thalamus and Hypothalamus (p. 613) Nearly 80% of diencephalon Relays sensory information (except olfaction) to appropriate parts of cerebrum Hypothalamus in charge of Autonomic Nervous System and Endocrine System Controls hunger and thirst, anger and aggression, emotions, body temperature, sexual desire & activity, sleep patterns, biorhythms, maternal behavior, blood pressure, immune responses, etc. Hormones from hypothalmus: vasopression, dopamine, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, melatonin, somatostatin thyrotropin-releasing hormone, ADH The hypothalamus also controls the 24-hour cycle called the circadian rhythm . Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Pituitary and Pineal Gland (p. 613) Sits in sella turcica of sphenoid bone Pineal Located below corpus callosum The pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by a slender stalk or infundibulum. Both of these glands are discussed in Chapter 24. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Limbic System Located on border between the cerebrum and the diencephalon -C-shaped structure - wraps around thalamus and hypothalamus Functions 1) Emotions 2) Motivation 3) Learning and Memory 4) Olfaction- smell Structures 1) Amygdala- almond- shape, "RAGE CENTER" 2) Limbic lobe- Hippocampus, spatial learning and memory 3) Fornix- tract connecting limbic system to the hypothalamus

Diencephalon, Cerebellum & Brainstem (p. 614) The main regions are bolded. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cerebellum (pp. 613-614) Located posterior and inferior to cerebrum Regulates: Muscle tone Posture Balance Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Brainstem (p. 614) Continuous with spinal cord Three main divisions: Mid-brain Pons Medulla oblongata Structures associated with the reticular activating system are found throughout the brainstem. This system functions in waking a person from sleep and maintaining consciousness. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Mid-brain and Pons (p. 614) Mid-brain Pons Conducts impulses from cerebrum to pons Conducts impulses from spinal cord to thalamus Pons Bridges cerebellum and cerebrum with spinal cord The mid-brain also helps control movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual and auditory stimuli. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Medulla Oblongata (p. 614) Conducts sensory and motor impulses between brain and spinal cord Located at inferior portion of brainstem Contains: Respiratory center Cardiovascular center Vasomotor center Often considered most vital part of brain The medulla also controls gastric secretions and reflexes, such as sweating, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Medulla Oblongata, cont’d (p. 614) Contains many crossing over fibers Ex: right side of brain governs left side of body and vice versa This crossing is called “decussation” Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Blood-Brain Barrier (p. 614) Semipermeable wall of blood capillaries Has thick basement membrane and glial cells Prevents or slows passage of some chemicals and pathogens from blood into CNS Blood itself contains chemicals that can damage neurons; if neurons come into contact with blood, they die. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Spinal Cord (p. 614) Exits skull via foramen magnum Integrating center and information highway Cauda equina Lower portion of cord shaped like a horse tail Filum terminale Fibrous extension of cauda equina The spinal cord extends to approximately the second lumbar (L2) region. Two enlargements are located in the length of the spinal cord: one in the cervical region and one in the lumbar region. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Spinal Cord, cont’d (p. 614) Cross section reveals: Central canal White matter: located on periphery Gray matter: located in center H-shaped Central canal Center of spinal cord contains CSF The central canal runs the entire length of the cord. CSF stands for cerebrospinal fluid. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Spinal Cord: Horns (p. 614) Gray matter in “H” contain regions called horns Anterior horn Lateral horn Posterior horn Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Spinal Cord: Columns (p. 615) White matter contain regions called columns Anterior column Lateral column Posterior column Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Spinal Cord (p. 615) Note the two enlargements to the left. The right image is a cross-section of the cord. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Spinal Cord: Tracts (p. 615) Collection of nerves running up and down spine Two types: Ascending Sensory (afferent) impulses travel up cord Descending Motor (efferent) impulses travel down cord Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Meninges (p. 615) Connective tissue coverings surrounding brain and spinal cord Contains three layers Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Meningeal Layers (p. 615) Pia mater Arachnoid Dura mater Innermost delicate layer Attaches to brain and spinal cord Arachnoid Middle layer resembling a spider’s web Dura mater Outermost dense layer Lies against skull and spinal column The dura surrounding the brain dips down between the cerebral hemispheres, creating the falx cerebri; dips across between the cerebrum and cerebellum, creating the tentorium cerebelli; and dips down between the paired cerebellar hemispheres to create the falx cerebelli. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Meningeal Spaces (p. 615) Subarachnoid space Subdural space Located between pia and arachnoid Filled with CSF Subdural space Located between dura and arachnoid Filled with serous fluid Epidural space Located between dura and vertebral canal Filled with fat and blood vessels The epidural space is the safest place for injections such as saddle blocks. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (p. 616) Fluid circulating around brain and spinal cord Functions include: Supplies O2 and nutrients Carries away wastes Acts as a shock absorber As mentioned previously, CSF is found within the subarachnoid space. CSF is sensitive to glucose and electrolyte balance and to changes in the carbon dioxide content. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

ACB 81 ACB 81 - Meninges

ACB 82 ACB 82 - Circulation of CSF

Meninges in Skull Region (p. 615) The three layers are bolded. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cranial Nerves (p. 616) I: Olfactory II: Optic III: Oculomotor IV: Trochlear V: Trigeminal VI: Abducens VII: Facial VIII: Vestibulocochlear IX: Glossopharyngeal X: Vagus XI: Accessory/spinal accessory XII: Hypoglossal Cranial nerves emerge from the inferior surface of the brain and are named by Roman numerals or by the area(s) they supply. More information can be found on page 616. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cranial Nerves (p. 617) Cranial nerve V is affected in trigeminal neuralgia. Cranial nerve VII is affected in Bell palsy. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

ACB 88 ACB 88 - Brachial Plexus - upper half

ACB 89 ACB 89 - Lumbar Plexus

Autonomic Nervous System A Spectrum from Parasympathetic…..to……Sympathetic Rest/repose……balance..….Fight/flight Autonomic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System (p. 621) Innervates cardiac and smooth muscles/glands, thus regulating: Heart and respiration rates Blood circulation Body temperature Gastrointestinal activity Two divisions: Sympathetic Parasympathetic The effects of these two systems are most often opposed; one system excites, and the other system inhibits. Instructor memo: Be sure and discuss Table 23-2 on page 621 entitled “Various Autonomic Responses.” Some effects will be featured on the Exam View question bank. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Dual Innervation (p. 621) Innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions Some have only sympathetic innervation Ex: adrenal glands and blood vessels Some have only parasympathetic innervation Ex: lacrimal apparatus In extreme fear, both systems may act simultaneously, producing involuntary emptying of the bladder and rectum and a generalized sympathetic response. The lacrimal apparatus is responsible for tear production in the eyes. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Parasympathetic Nervous System (p. 621) Supports functions that conserve and restore energy Maintains homeostasis Regulates urinary and digestive processes, defecation, and storing nutrients Most active under calm conditions Called “rest-and-digest” or “housekeeping” division Referred to as craniosacral outflow Fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system are located at the spinal cord level S2 to S4 and cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X. See Box 23-1 on page 623 entitled “Self-Awareness and Massage Therapy.” Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Sympathetic Nervous System (p. 623) Uses body energy for periods of physical exertion or emotional stress Adrenals secrete epinephrine Effects include increased respiration and heart rate and blood pressure Called “fight-or-flight” or “stress” response Referred to as thoracolumbar outflow Fibers of the sympathetic system are located between T1 to L2. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Autonomic Nervous System (p. 622) Note how sympathetic nerves arise from the thoracolumbar region and parasympathetic nerves arise from the craniosacral region. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Sympathetic-Parasympathetic Emphasis Pupils widen Pupils contract Sweat n/a Less salivation More salvation Less G-I secretion More G-I secretion More epinephrine & n/a glucorticoid secretion Dilates brochioles Constricts bronchioles Increases rate & strength Decreases rate & of heart’s contraction strength of contraction PNS - SNS Emphasis #1

Sympathetic-Parasympathetic Emphasis Constricts blood vessels In skin and viscera Dilates vessels in muscles Dilates vessels in viscera Glycogenolysis Glycogenesis Decreases activity of Increases activity gallbladder, stomach, gallbladder, stomach, intestines, kidneys, pancreas, intestines, kidneys, pancreas, bladder, uterus bladder, uterus PNS - SNS Emphasis #2

Touch can… Expand the autonomic “range of motion” Facilitate greater autonomic balance Teach person to inhabit fertile mid-ground between sleeping and waking Create non-verbal learning/neurological repatterning Touch Can… effect ANS

Massage & the Nervous System Tissue dysfunction Self-image Posture & Movement Emotion Memory Awareness / Learning Spirit Massage & the Nervous System