Do Now Activity #8 List all the organs in the Lymphatic System. Explain the Lymphatic System’s means of transportation. What are the 2 functions of Lymph Nodes?

Do Now Activity #9 What are the 2 types of intrinsic defense in the Immune System? List all defense mechanisms of the Innate System. List the 2 types of defense mechanisms of the Adaptive System.

chapter 21: The Immune System Essential Question: What are the 2 intrinsic defense systems and their types of defense? chapter 21: The Immune System Learning Targets Identify structure and function of 3 types of muscle tissue. Identify the functional characteristics of muscle tissue. List the functions of muscle Describe the anatomy of skeletal muscle

Don’t forget to chunk your notes Don’t forget to chunk your notes! You Do not have to write down the red text

Overview: What is Immunity? Immunity is the resistance to disease Carried out by two systems

Overview: Intrinsic Defense Systems Nonspecific/Innate System This system protects us from all foreign substances. First Line of Defense: intact skin and mucous membranes prevent entry Second Line of Defense: antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, fever, phagocytes, and other cells 2. Specific/Adaptive Defense System Third Line of Defense: mounts attack against particular foreign substances Adapts/Changes: It learns Takes longer to react than the Non-specific System Works in conjunction with the Innate System Both systems work together

Don’t forget to chunk your notes Don’t forget to chunk your notes! You Do not have to write down the red text

Non-specific Defense: Antigens Antigens are the targets of all immune responses. Antigens are mostly large, complex molecules not normally found in the body (non-self). They are usually known to be proteins.

Non-specific Defense: Self-Antigens Our cells have protein molecules (self-antigens). These are called MHC Proteins. MHC proteins mark a cell as “self”. If a cell does not have your MHC then it is “non-self”.

Don’t forget to chunk your notes Don’t forget to chunk your notes! You Do not have to write down the red text

Non-specific Defense: Phagocytes Phagocytes engulf or swallow foreign invaders. See page 791

Don’t forget to chunk your notes Don’t forget to chunk your notes! You Do not have to write down the red text

Non-specific Defense: Inflammation The inflammatory response is triggered whenever body tissues are injured. Inflammation prevents the spread of damage to nearby tissues. It disposes of cell debris and pathogens. It sets the stage for repair processes. The four signs of acute inflammation are redness, heat, swelling (edema), and pain. An edema is a surge of protein-rich fluids into tissue spaces.

Don’t forget to chunk your notes Don’t forget to chunk your notes! You Do not have to write down the red text

Non-specific Defense: Fever Fevers are abnormally high body temperature in response to invading microorganisms. High fevers are dangerous. A moderate fever can be beneficial, because it causes: The liver and spleen to “hide” iron and zinc (needed by bacteria to reproduce). Metabolism increases, which speeds up tissue repair and certain WBC (white blood cells).

Don’t forget to chunk your notes Don’t forget to chunk your notes! You Do not have to write down the red text

Specific Defense: 2 Types The Adaptive Immune System is antigen-specific, and has memory. Specific defense acts to immobilize, neutralize, or destroy foreign substances. Specific Defense has two separate but overlapping arms: Humoral: Antibody-mediated Immunity Cellular: Cell-mediated Immunity

Don’t forget to chunk your notes Don’t forget to chunk your notes! You Do not have to write down the red text

Humoral: Antibody-mediated Immunity Humoral Response: Foreign antigen causes a reaction with B-lymphocytes. This response takes place in the spleen or other lymphatic organ. B-cells quickly multiply. Some B-cells turn into plasma cells which produce antibodies against the antigen. Clonal Selection

Humoral: Antibody-mediated Immunity Antibodies then bind to antigens causing: Neutralization Agglutination Precipitation Complement These processes enhance phagocytosis, inflammation, and cell lysis (the cell bursts).

Humoral: Antibody-mediated Immunity Primary & Secondary Humoral Responses Other B-cells become memory cells. Memory cells remember the antigen for future infections. Future reactions now takes hours instead of days.

Humoral: Antibody-mediated Immunity Vaccines: spare us the symptoms of disease Vaccines use weakened antigens to cause immune responses and memory without illness.

Don’t forget to chunk your notes Don’t forget to chunk your notes! You Do not have to write down the red text

Cellular: Cell-mediated Immunity Major Types of T-cells Two types of T-cells run cellular immunity: CD4 cells (T4 cells): Helper T-cells (TH) CD8 cells (T8 cells): Cytotoxic T-cells (TC)

Cellular: Cell-mediated Immunity Antigen presenting cells (APCs) swallow antigens. The APC then puts antigen parts on their cell membranes. This activates the helper T-cells or cytotoxic T-cells

Cellular: Cell-mediated Immunity Helper T-cells: Stimulate cytotoxic T-cell and B-cell production. They activate macrophages (phagocytes). Some also become memory helper T-cells that can remember antigens.

Cellular: Cell-mediated Immunity Cytotoxic T-cells: These kill virus invaded cells. Some also become memory cytotoxic T-cells that can remember antigens.

Summary of the Primary Immune Response Figure 21.19

Don’t forget to chunk your notes Don’t forget to chunk your notes! You Do not have to write down the red text