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Chapter 43 Warm-Up Define the following terms:

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1 Chapter 43 Warm-Up Define the following terms:
Pathogen Antigen Antibody Allergen Vaccine What are lymphocytes? Where do B cells and T cells mature?

2 Ch. 43 Review Warm-Up What is the difference between innate vs. adaptive immunity? Contrast the functions of B cells and T cells. How are antigens recognized by immune system cells? What are memory cells? How does HIV affect the immune system?

3 Chapter 43 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

4 What you must know: Several elements of an innate immune response
The differences between B and T cells relative to their activation and actions. How antigens are recognized by immune system cells The differences in humoral and cell-mediated immunity Why Helper T cells are central to immune responses

5 Types of Immunity Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity Non-specific
All plants & animals Pathogen-specific Only in vertebrates Involves B and T cells

6 Plant Defenses Nonspecific responses
Receptors recognize pathogen molecules and trigger defense responses Thicken cell wall, produce antimicrobial compounds, cell death Localize effects

7 Pathogens (such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses)
Figure 43.2 Pathogens (such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses) INNATE IMMUNITY (all animals) Barrier defenses: Skin Mucous membranes Secretions Recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using a small set of receptors Internal defenses: Phagocytic cells Natural killer cells Antimicrobial proteins Inflammatory response • Rapid response Figure 43.2 Overview of animal immunity. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY (vertebrates only) Humoral response: Antibodies defend against infection in body fluids. Recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens, using a vast array of receptors Cell-mediated response: Cytotoxic cells defend against infection in body cells. • Slower response

8 Innate Immunity Antimicrobial Proteins: Barrier Defenses:
Interferons (inhibit viral reproduction) Complement system (~30 proteins, membrane attack complex) Barrier Defenses: Skin Mucous membranes Lysozyme (tears, saliva, mucus) Innate Immunity (non-specific) Natural Killer Cells: Virus-infected and cancer cells Inflammatory Response: Mast cells release histamine Blood vessels dilate, increase permeability (redness, swelling) Deliver clotting agents, phagocytic cells Fever Phagocytic WBCs: Neutrophils (engulf) Macrophage (“big eaters”) Eosinophils (parasites) Dendritic cells (adaptive response)

9 Phagocytosis

10 Inflammatory Response

11 Lymphatic System: involved in adaptive immunity

12 Adaptive Response Lymphocytes (WBCs): produced by stem cells in bone marrow T cells: mature in thymus helper T, cytotoxic T B cells: stay and mature in bone marrow plasma cells  antibodies

13 Antigen: substance that elicits lymphocyte response
Antibody (immunoglobulin – Ig): protein made by B cell that binds to antigens

14 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
Proteins displayed on cell surface Responsible for tissue/organ rejection (“self” vs. “non-self”) B and T cells bind to MHC molecule in adaptive response Class I: all body cells (except RBCs) Class II: displayed by immune cells; “non-self”

15 Cell-Mediated Immune Response Humoral Immune Response
Antigen-presenting cell Cell-Mediated Immune Response (T Cells) Humoral Immune Response (antibodies) Helper T cell B cell Cytotoxic T cell Plasma cell tag for destruction Identify and destroy Infected cell Antibodies

16 Immunological Memory Primary immune response: 1st exposure to antigen
Memory cells: Secondary immune response: repeat exposure  faster, greater response

17 B cells that differ in antigen specificity Antigen Antigen receptor
Figure 43.14 B cells that differ in antigen specificity Antigen Antigen receptor Figure Clonal selection. Antibody Memory cells Plasma cells

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20 Passive immunity: via antibodies in breast milk
Immunizations/vaccines: induce immune memory to nonpathogenic microbe or toxin Passive immunity: via antibodies in breast milk Allergies: hypersensitive responses to harmless antigens Autoimmune Diseases: Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis HIV: infect Helper T cells AIDS = severely weakened immune system


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