Effect of GSK3β inhibition on cell survival and proliferation of glioblastoma cells. Effect of GSK3β inhibition on cell survival and proliferation of glioblastoma.

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Effect of GSK3β inhibition on cell survival and proliferation of glioblastoma cells. Effect of GSK3β inhibition on cell survival and proliferation of glioblastoma cells. A, the glioblastoma cell lines indicated were grown in 96-well culture plates and treated with either DMSO or a small-molecule GSK3β inhibitor (AR-A014418) at escalating concentrations (5-50 μmol/L) for the designated times. The four panels on the left showed relative viable cell numbers measured by WST-8 assay at the indicated times as described in Materials and Methods. Treatment with DMSO and concentrations of AR-A014418 in the culture medium are indicated by the following symbols: ⧫, DMSO; ▪, 5 μmol/L; ▴, 10 μmol/L; □, 25 μmol/L; ○, 40 μmol/L; and •, 50 μmol/L. IC50 values of AR-A014418 for A172, U87, T98G, and U251 cells are 16.9, 23.9, 10.6, and 13.5 μmol/L, respectively. Relative numbers of apoptotic cells (right top) and proliferating cells (right bottom) were determined by scoring apoptotic changes in cells stained with Hoechst 33342 and by measuring the amount of BrdUrd incorporation in cells, respectively, in the presence of DMSO (open columns) or 25 μmol/L AR-A014418 (closed columns) in culture medium for 72 h. In each case, the result is expressed as mean value ± SD. The effects of AR-A014418 on cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis were compared with DMSO using Student's t test. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. B, Western immunoblotting analysis using antibody to total GSK3 (GSK3α and GSK3β) showed the specific knockdown of GSK3β, but not its isozyme GSK3α, in all cell lines (top). C, nonspecific siRNA; S, GSK3β-specific siRNA. A full-length blot/gel is presented in Supplementary Fig. S3. Relative numbers of viable cells were measured and compared by WST-8 assay between the same glioblastoma cells transfected with GSK3β-specific siRNA (10 nmol/L each; closed column) and nonspecific siRNA (10 nmol/L each; open column) for 72 h (bottom). *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.001; Student's t test. C, apoptosis in glioblastoma cells was measured by detecting BrdUrd-labeled DNA fragments using the Cellular DNA Fragmentation ELISA, in the presence of DMSO (open columns) or 25 μmol/L AR-A014418 (closed columns) in culture medium for 72 h. Bar in each column indicates SD. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.001; Student's t test. Katsuyoshi Miyashita et al. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:887-897 ©2009 by American Association for Cancer Research