Russia

Czar an Czarina Basilius Church Peter the Great Built St. Petersburg Build military Westernize Russia Catherine the Great Expanded further west into Poland and the current Ukraine.

4 Factors that led to Communism a. Poor conditions b. Some education had entered the farms - New Idea c. Loses in war / Especially WWI – just threw large numbers of people against the Germans – More people than guns. Millions died in the first few years d. Food Shortages- People fighting instead of growing. – at time could not rely on foreign markets

February 1917 – Bolshevik Revolution German Philosopher Karl Marx Private Property published The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital,

Cold War- 1945- 1984? Afghanistan Period of heighten tension between Superpowers US and the Democratic countries vs Communism ? Created by the advancement of Nukes, tanks, planes, Space Wars More of a war of threats than actual action / Thank God

Fall of communism Failed Economy – Back to the days before the revolution – lost wars/ food lines Corrupt officials more concerned with appearances than realities Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan

Fall of Communism Glasnost -the declared public policy within the Soviet Union of openly and frankly discussing economic and political realities: initiated under Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985. Perestroika - the program of economic and political reform in the Soviet Union initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1986.

Economy today Market – businesses are owned privately, not by the state Petroleum in Siberia, though there is concern about environmental effects drilling for oil in the Arctic due to climate change (global warming) higher temperatures in northern latitudes are visible in Siberia

Russia Ural and Caucasus Mountains are 2 mountain ranges Urals form a border between European Russia and Siberian Russia Highest point in Caucasus is Mount Elbrus (highest mountain in Russia and Europe)

Russia Location - Northern European Plain to West of Ural Mountains Chernozum – black soil supports agriculture Ukraine is 2nd largest country in Europe occupies the Russian Plain

Russia - Water Volga River – one of the world’s greatest rivers (longest in Europe), drains into Caspian Sea pg. 338 textbook Lake Baikal (Siberian Lake) oldest lake in the world and the deepest at 5725 feet (picture above)

Russia - Climate Tundra is farthest north covers 10% Russia permafrost South of tundra lies subarctic zone - 4 months temp above 50 degrees, cold Multitude – mild winters and warm summers where most Russians live and agriculture takes place

Russia – Natural Resources 1/5 world’s forests Siberia holds petroleum, coal Natural gas Leads world in nickel production petroleum

Facts The world’s first satellite, named Sputnik, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. The official residence of the Russian president is the Kremlin in Moscow. The name Kremlin means fortress.

Government 3 branches Russia is a federation of 86 republics, provinces, territories, and districts, all controlled by the government in Moscow. The head of state is a president elected by the people. Vladimir Putin – President

Russian Federation There are about 120 ethnic groups in Russia who speak more than a hundred languages. Roughly 80 percent of Russians trace their ancestry to the Slavs who settled in the country 1,500 years ago. Other major groups include Tatars, who came with the Mongol invaders, and Ukrainians.

Russia - 1991 Russia's history as a democracy is short. The country's first election, in 1917, was quickly reversed by the Bolsheviks, and it wasn't until the 1991 election of Boris Yeltsin that democracy took hold.

Red Square Red Square, which separated the fortified citadel from the city at large. The square area has served as a marketplace, festival ground, gathering place and, during the Soviet era, a parade ground for displaying the might of a military superpower.

St. Basil’s Cathedral St. Basil's Cathedral, considered a masterpiece of Orthodox art, overlooks Moscow's famous Red Square. Russification – 19th century Russian to have everyone in empire speak Russian and become Christian

Siberia --> Permafrost Average temperatures of January vary from 0 to -50°C, and in July from 1 to 25°C 150,000,000 population. A former “gulag” Soviet prison camp.

Lake Baikal, Siberia The oldest and deepest lake in the world. 20% of the world’s total unfrozen water supply.

Trans-Siberian Railroad Completed in 1905.