Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering Changing the Living World (pp. 319-321) Manipulating DNA (pp. 322-326) Cell Transformation (pp. 327-329) Applications of Genetic Engineering (pp. 331-333) Created by C. Ippolito May 2005

Chapter 13 Section 1 Changing the Living World Objectives: Describe two techniques used in selective breeding Explain the purpose of selective breeding Tell why breeders induce mutations Created by C. Ippolito May 2005

Selective Breeding Allowing organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation. Domestic animals Crop plants Luther Burbank – potato resistant to blight Hybridization – crossing dissimilar individuals to combine the best of both Inbreeding – continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics Risk of developing genetic defects Most “pure” breeds of dogs have some medical “problems” Created by C. Ippolito May 2005

Hybrid Breeds Whoodle Doodleman Created by C. Ippolito May 2005

Pure Breeds Samoyed Papillon Created by C. Ippolito May 2005

Increasing Variation Breeders can increase genetic variations by inducing mutations Mutagens – increase chance of spontaneous mutations Chemicals Radiation Oil eating bacteria Polyploid plants extra sets of chromosomes Created by C. Ippolito May 2005

Chapter 13 Section 2 Manipulating DNA Objectives: Explain how scientists manipulate DNA Created by C. Ippolito May 2005

Genetic Engineering Making changes in the DNA code of living organisms: DNA extraction – remove DNA from cells Cutting DNA – restriction enzymes look for specific bases and cut DNA into pieces Separating DNA – gel electrophoresis separates DNA pieces by size Smaller piece mover farther than bigger pieces Created by C. Ippolito May 2005

Restriction Enzymes Created by C. Ippolito May 2005

Gel Electrophoresis Patterns can be used to identify individuals Created by C. Ippolito May 2005

DNA Sequencing different enzymes can break DNA Identify order of bases Now done by automated computer process Created by C. Ippolito May 2005

Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR allow multiple copies making sequencing even easier Created by C. Ippolito May 2005

Chapter 13 Section 3 Cell Transformation Objectives: Summarize what happens during transformation Explain how you can tell if a transformation experiment has been successful Created by C. Ippolito May 2005

Cell Transformation cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. external DNA becomes part of the cell’s DNA Created by C. Ippolito May 2005

Transforming Bacteria foreign DNA joined to a plasmid genetic marker – allows researchers to find bacteria with foreign DNA Created by C. Ippolito May 2005

Chapter 13 Section 4 Applications of Genetic Engineering Objectives: Describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans Summarize the main steps in cloning Created by C. Ippolito May 2005

Transgenic Organisms Transgenic Organism organisms that contain genes from another organism Transgenic Bacteria make human insulin make human growth hormone Transgenic Plants make own insecticides immune to weed killing chemicals Transgenic Animals with growth hormone – grow faster chickens resistant to bacterial infections Created by C. Ippolito May 2005

Cloning Clone genetically identical cells produced from a single cell genetically identical to parent from whom cell was taken Created by C. Ippolito May 2005