CH. 5 To the stars through difficulty Write the Black Wording

Ch. 5 To the stars through difficulty Frontier Forts Need for protection on the frontier. Originally built to protect white settlers. US Army establishes forts throughout KS. Keep peace in the West Buffalo Soldiers Created to keep protect Native Americans Had to evict people off of Native land Goal of forts throughout the years: Protect wagon trains cargo along trails. (Fort Riley) Protect Native American lands. (Fort Scott) Conquer land for U.S. government. (Fort Leavenworth)

Ch. 5 To the stars through difficulty Medicine Lodge Peace Treaties U.S. wanted to make “peace” with Native Americans. Wanted to place Native Americans on reservations. U.S. and Plains Indians met at Medicine Lodge Picked because Natives believed it had healing qualities. U.S. would provide schools, farming tools, and give them food. Indians give up some land for settlement and railroads. Some Native Americans signed the treaty, others did not. End of Part 1

Ch. 5 To the stars through difficulty Nearly everyone wanted to come to Kansas. Everyone was welcomed except Native Americans. Homestead Act Families could obtain land in West for little cost. Over age of 21 Had to be a citizen (or intend to be one) Pay $10 and live/farm on land. Show improvements over 5 years and receive land title. (160 acres) Could buy land before 5 years is up for $1.25 per acre.

Ch. 5 To the stars through difficulty Tenant Farming Offered opportunity for small family farmers. Starting was not cheap! ($500-$1000 for equipment) If a farmer failed then they could become a tenant farmer. Renter, farm land for someone else. Preemption Act For Squatters, could buy land after 14 months for $1.25 per acre. Option to buy land earlier than Homestead Act.

Ch. 5 To the stars through difficulty African American Migration Many African Americans tried to escape the South. Exodusters Second wave of African American settlers. Named after the Bible Story, Exodus from Egypt Were very poor, moved to cities instead of setting up settlement.

Ch. 5 To the stars through difficulty European Settlers Kansas State Bureau – promotes fertile farm land encouraging immigrants to move to Kansas German Largest group of settlers in KS. Economic opportunity, religious/political freedom. Great Britain Overcrowded cities in G.B. Recruited by railroad company’s. Emigration Company buys land from railroad. Swedish Famine in Sweden, large population of farmers. Religious freedom from Lutheran church. Disagreement over practices. End of Part 2

Ch. 5 To the stars through difficulty Railroad (R.R.) People question gov. role in railroad development. Pacific Railroad Act Gov. provides public land to private railroad companies. R.R. company wants to expand the railway across the country. Made it easier to move goods. Kept government cost low. Thought settlers would follow tracks, increased value of land. Left over land would be sold to settlers, R.R. companies would make a profit. Many thought these companies received too much land.

Ch. 5 To the stars through difficulty Population Increase = Growing Economy Cattle Industry Technology limited our ability to serve beef. Had to move cattle closer to people in order to serve fresh. Demand was high and the supply was low after Civil War. TX had large population of cattle. Hard to move the cattle to the eastern markets, no R.R. Longhorn: Texas = $4, In the East = $40-$50

Ch. 5 To the stars through difficulty The Chisholm Trail A trail used by cattle drivers that extended from TX – KS San Antonio, Texas – Abilene, Kansas Cattle would be picked up by KS R.R. and shipped to Chicago. Important to have plenty of grass and water for cattle.

Ch. 5 To the stars through difficulty Cowboys Established contracts to drive cattle north. Cowboys wage = $24 - $40 a month Trail boss made me money, but responsible for lost cattle. Would take about 11 men to drive 3,000 cattle. Needed about 60 horses. Equipment Good Saddle (spent 18 hours a day on a horse) Pointed toe boots (easy for saddle stirrups, dig heel into dirt when roping cattle) Hat (protection from sun/rain) Chaps (Protected legs from tall brush)

Ch. 5 To the stars through difficulty Cowtown's Towns who emerged/profited from cattle trade. Ending points for trails. Abilene, Ellsworth, Wichita, Newton, Dodge City Competition amongst many towns. Benefits- Cowboys spent earnings in these towns. Negatives – TX cattle brought diseases. End of Cattle Drive KS bans TX cattle drivers from sections of the state. Texas Fever – Disease carried by Longhorns, killed off local livestock. Livestock had to travel west of McPherson, quarantine line. Railroads finally extend to TX and end cattle drive.

Ch. 5 To the stars through difficulty Kansas Crops Corn was the logical crop to grow. Needed simple tools, had high yield. Corn, Oats were used to feed livestock. Cotton & Tobacco Did not work in KS because of our short growing seasons. Ryle, Barley, Castor Beans, Broomcorn were grown when in demand. Wheat Many farmers did not want to grow wheat. Summer crops were destroyed by locusts. Forced farmers to grow winter wheat to make up for loses End of Part 3