RESPIRATORY ORGANS LAB #42

PRIMARY FUNCTIONS Exchange gases (oxygen & CO2) Produce vocal sounds Sense of smell Regulate blood pH

Respiration - process of gas exchange 1.  Movement of air into lungs 2.  External respiration - between blood & air 3.  Gas transport in blood 4.  Internal respiration - between blood & body cells

Why do we need oxygen? Cellular respiration = cells use oxygen & sugars to create energy in form of ATP *ATP - then used to power cellular processes MITOCHONDRION

PART A. RESPIRATORY ORGANS Overview of the Respiratory System Upper Respiratory Tract – nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx Lower Respiratory Tract – larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs

Nasal Cavity – hollow space behind the nose 1. NOSE - bones & cartilage support nose - 2 openings (nostrils) - hair filters large particles Nasal Cavity – hollow space behind the nose  Nasal septum – divides the nose (bone)

Nasal concha – bones that divide the nasal cavity, support the mucus membrane and increase surface area (superior, middle, inferior)       Mucus Membrane - warms and moistens air, also traps particles (dust)     *particles go to          stomach

Maxillary Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid 2. Paranasal Sinuses - spaces within  bones Named after bones: Maxillary Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid   Reduce weight of skull & are resonant chambers for voice.

nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx 3. Pharynx – behind oral cavity, between nasal cavity & larynx (space, not a structure)   nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

Glottis – triangular slit that opens during breathing/talking, & closes during swallowing Epiglottis – flap-like structure that stands upright, allows air to enter larynx, it closes during swallowing to prevent food from entering airway

4. Larynx – enlargement at top of trachea (vocal cords) Composed of muscles & cartilages - thyroid (Adam’s apple) - cricoids - epiglottic cartilage

- false vocal folds  – help close airway during swallowing (do not produce sound)             - true vocal folds - produce sound             - contracting & relaxing muscles changes pitch (increased tension = higher pitch)

LARYNGITIS Laryngoscope Inflammation of larynx that makes voice hoarse, or person loses their ability to speak. Caused by illness, allergies, smoking, some medications. If you have chronic laryngitis, you might want to see an OTOLARYNGOLOGIST Laryngoscope

5. Trachea (windpipe) flexible cylinder with cartilage to give it stiffness & keep it from collapsing Trachea leads to BRONCHIAL TREE

6. Bronchioles have air sacs called alveoli which are connected to the circulatory system via capillaries

Trachea → Primary Bronchi → Secondary Bronchi → Tertiary Bronchi → Bronchioles

7. LUNGS - spongy tissue that sit within pleural cavity

Right Lung          = 3 lobes Left Lung           = 2 lobes Cardiac notch - space for heart Serous fluid lubricates lungs during breathing

Figure 16.07

Table 16.01

PART A DEMONSTRATION https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPPSX3FAfxw

PART B. RESPIRATORY TISSUE

HUMAN LUNG TISSUE

NORMAL (LEFT) VS EMPHYSEMA (RIGHT)