1. Structure & Function of the Respiratory System

2. Nostrils & Nasal Passages
Entry & Exit for air (containing gases)
Filter air to remove harmful substances (by cilia)
Warming & moistening of air – protection for the lungs
Turbinate Bones
Intricate passageway of bone in the nasal cavity
Small particles hit the walls are trapped by mucus (filter)
More SA for more warming, moistening and cleaning of air
Pharynx
Chamber in the neck
Allows a person to breathe through their nose & mouth
This tube branches into both the esophagus & trachea
Larynx
Voice box or Adam’s Apple: composed of cartilage
Allows vocalization
Rises up to meet the epiglottis to prevent the entry of food while eating

3. 5. Epiglottis
Small flap at the top of the trachea
Closes off the trachea to prevent inhaling food
6. Trachea
Short cartilaginous tube in front of the esophagus
Cartilage prevents the trachea from collapsing under the pressure of surrounding tissues
Connects pharynx to the lung
7. Bronchi
Two branches off the trachea
Lead to the right and left lungs
Contain cartilage
8. Bronchioles
Smaller branches of the bronchi (up to 22 divisions)
Do not contain cartilage
Take air to the alveoli

4. 9. Alveoli
At the end of each terminal bronchiole
Grape like cluster of microscopic air sacs
Surrounded by a web of blood vessel (capillaries)
Actual exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide occurs here
10. Lung
All bronchioles and alveoli
No muscle, just elastic material
11. Diaphragm
Separates the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity
Dome-shaped, muscular partition
Helps air enter the lungs
12. Ribs & Intercostal Muscle
Rib bones and the muscles in between them
Provide protection for the internal organs
Help the lungs with air

5. 13. Pleural Lining
Two membranes  one on the inside of the thoracic cavity and the other around each lung
Keep the lungs separated
Fluid filled in the space between the two linings.
The fluid cushions and reduce friction, as well as allows the lungs to stick to the ribcage, this allows for greater expansion.
14. Cilia
Fine hair lining the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and nasal cavity
At the top of columnar cells
Wave like motion move fine particles trapped in the mucus up the trachea  coughed out as phlegm or swallowed.
15. Goblet Cells
Special cells that make up the epithelial lining of the trachea, produce mucus which keeps the membranes moist and trap incoming particles such as dust
Imbedded in between the columnar cells

6. Pons Medulla
Turbinate Bones
Pharynx
Nasal Cavity
Esophagus
Epiglottis
Trachea
Larynx
Cricoid Cartilage
Primary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Lung
Upper
Middle
Lower Lobes
Right Lung
Thoracic
Cavity
Heart
Diaphragm

7. Mouth Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Esophagus Cartilage Ring Trachea
Nasal Cavity
Mouth
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Esophagus
Cartilage Ring
Trachea
Intercostal Muscles
Left Lung
Bronchus
Heart
Rib
Bronchioles
Visceral Pleura
Parietal Pleura
Diaphragm
Right Lung

8. Hyoid Bone Larynx Cricoid Cartilage Trachea Primary Bronchi Secondary
Epiglottis
Hyoid Bone
Larynx
Cricoid Cartilage
Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Secondary
Bronchi Bronchioles

10. THE LUNGS
The lungs are 2 cone-shaped organs molded into the form provided by the thoracic cavity.
Well protected  surrounded by ribs, sternum, and spine.
The base of each are in contact with the diaphragm and the tops reach just above the clavicle
RIGHT LUNG: 3 lobes & takes up the entirety of the right thoracic cavity
LEFT LUNG: 2 lobes & shares the left thoracic cavity with the heart
THE PLEURA
Parietal Pleura: outer membrane that lines the inner surface of the chest wall and covers the upper surface of the diaphragm
Visceral Pleura: inner membrane that adheres to the surface of the lungs
* Only a very thin film of fluid separate the pleural layers
Pleurisy: Inflammation of the pleura that leads to difficult & painful breathing.

11. Bronchiole
Alveolus
Respiratory Bronchiole
Air Sac
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Vein
Capillaries

12. Function of the Respiratory System

13. Larynx
Pleura

14. PRIMARY FUNCTIONS
Inhalation and Exhalation Are Pulmonary Ventilation—That’s Breathing
External Respiration Exchanges Gases Between the Lungs and the Bloodstream
Internal Respiration Exchanges Gases Between the Bloodstream and Body Tissues 
Air Vibrating the Vocal Cords Creates Sound 
Olfaction or Smelling, Is a Chemical Sensation 

15. 1. Pulmonary Ventilation
The respiratory system aids in breathing, also called pulmonary ventilation.
In pulmonary ventilation, air is inhaled through the nasal and oral cavities (the nose and mouth).
It moves through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea into the lungs.
Then air is exhaled, flowing back through the same pathway.
**Changes to the volume and air pressure in the lungs trigger pulmonary ventilation**

16. 1. Pulmonary Ventilation
During normal inhalation, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract and the ribcage elevates.
As the volume of the lungs increases, air pressure drops and air rushes in.
During normal exhalation, the muscles relax. The lungs become smaller, the air pressure rises, and air is expelled.

17. 1. Pulmonary Ventilation

18. 2. External Respiration
Inside the lungs, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide waste through the process called external respiration.
This respiratory process takes place through hundreds of millions of microscopic sacs called alveoli.
Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses from the alveoli into pulmonary capillaries surrounding them.
It binds to hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells, and is pumped through the bloodstream.
Meanwhile, carbon dioxide from deoxygenated blood diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli, and is expelled through exhalation.

19. 2. External Respiration

20. 3. Internal Respiration
The bloodstream delivers oxygen to cells and removes waste carbon dioxide through internal respiration.
Red blood cells carry oxygen absorbed from the lungs around the body, through the vasculature.
When oxygenated blood reaches the narrow capillaries, the red blood cells release the oxygen.
It diffuses through the capillary walls into body tissues.
Meanwhile, carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into red blood cells and plasma. The deoxygenated blood carries the carbon dioxide back to the lungs for release.

21. 3. Internal Respiration

22. **Lesser tension causes slower vibration and a lower pitch.
4. Vocal Sounds
Phonation is the creation of sound by structures in the upper respiratory tract of the respiratory system. 
During exhalation, air passes from the lungs through the larynx, or “voice box.”
When we speak, muscles in the larynx move the vocal cords, or vocal folds, together.
When the cords are pushed together, air passing between them makes them vibrate, creating sound.
**Greater tension in the vocal cords creates more rapid vibrations and higher-pitched sounds.
**Lesser tension causes slower vibration and a lower pitch.

23. 4. Vocal Sounds False Vocal Folds (do not produce sound)
help close airway during swallowing
True Vocal Folds (produce sound)
changing shape of the pharynx, and oral cavity changes sounds into words
contracting and relaxing muscles changes pitch .
Glottis
Epiglottis  Closes like a Trash Can Lid
Glottis  Closes like a set of Elevator Doors

24. 4. Vocal Sounds

25. 5. Sense of Smell
The process of olfaction begins with olfactory fibers that line the nasal cavities inside the nose.
As air enters the cavities, some chemicals in the air bind to and activate nervous system receptors on the cilia.
This stimulus sends a signal to the brain: neurons take the signal from the nasal cavities and to the olfactory bulbs which processes the “scent”

26. 5. Sense of Smell

28. THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

29. Upper Respiratory Tract
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
*Nasal cavity is divided in the nose by the nasal septum.
Lower Respiratory Tract
larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
Anatomy Prt 1

30. The Trachea Trachea is commonly referred to as a persons windpipe
Is a flexible cylinder of cricoid cartilage rings that give it stiffness and keep it from collapsing in on itself.
Lies against the Esophagus
The trachea leads to the
Bronchial Tree

31. Left Lung = 2 lobes & cardiac notch
Right Lung = 3 lobes
Left Lung  = 2 lobes & cardiac notch
Serous fluid lubricates lungs during breathing
3D Model Anatomy Prt 2

33. Primary Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sacs                                                                         Alveoli
*gas exchange
occurs

34. Quick Quiz
1. What do you call the bones found within the nasal cavity?
2.  What specific bone divides the nasal cavity into two sides?
3.   The space at the back of the mouth is the________.
4.  The spaces within the bones of the skull are called the ______________________
5. What structure is known as the windpipe? ______
6.  What is the triangular slit that opens during breathing and talking?
7. In what structures does gas exchange occur?
8. During swallowing, this flap closes to prevent food from entering the airway: ______________________