AF 202 Airport Operations

Objectives Review Airport layout and visual aids Airport operations Interception Procedures

Airport Layouts and Visual Aids

Taxiway Markings Yellow centerline Double yellow edge marking when edge is not easily defined Double dashed yellow edge marking when adjoining pavement is intended for aircraft (i.e. ramp)

Taxiway Markings Enhanced Centerline No more than 150 feet from hold short line

Hold Short Runway Hold Short Line ILS Hold Short Line

Hold Short Hold short of runway approach

Taxiway Lighting Edge Lights – Steady Blue Centerline Lights – Steady Green Clearance Bar Lights – 3 Steady Yellow Can be located at taxiway Intersections

Taxiway Lighting Runway Guard Lights – Yellow Alternating lights next to taxiway Row of in ground lights Stop Bar Lights – Steady Red Used in low visibility In pavement row of lights Used to confirm ATC clearance

Runway Markings Runway Designators Runway Centerline Printed magnetic direction ‘L’ – Left ‘R’ – Right ‘C’ – Center Runway Centerline Runway Aiming point 2 broad stripes 1000 ft from threshold

Runway Markings Touchdown Zone Markers Threshold Markers Marked every 500 feet Threshold Markers 8 lines or dependent on runway width

Runway Markings Types of Runways

Runway Markings Visual and Non-Precision

Runway Markings Precision Runway

Runway Markings Relocated Threshold Can NOT land or takeoff

Runway Markings Displaced Threshold Can takeoff Can NOT land

Runway Markings Blast Pad

Runway Markings Combo Deal

Runway Markings Closed

Runway Lighting Runway Centerline (RCLS) – White Touchdown Zone (TDZL) – White 2 rows 100 feet past threshold to 3,000 feet Taxiway Lead Off/On – Alternating green and yellow

Runway Lighting Land and Hold Short – Flashing white Row of lights Runway End Identifier (REIL) – Flashing white Runway Edge – White, yellow, red, green Yellow is the last 2,000 ft or half (shortest) Red on end of runway, green on approach

Runway Lighting Runway Lighting Intensity HIRL – High Intensity Runway Lighting MIRL – Medium Intensity Runway Lighting LIRL – Low Intensity Runway Lighting

Runway Lighting Approach Lights

Runway Lights (VASI variations)

Runway Lighting PAPI and tri-colored VASI

Runway Lighting Runway Status Light (RWSL) Runway Entrance Lights Takeoff Hold Lights Final Approach Runway Occupancy signal Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) flashes if runway is occupied

Runway Lighting

Other Markings Runway Holding Position Holding Position (Beginning of Runway)

Other Markings Holding Position for Approach Area ILS Holding Area

Other Markings Position (Location) markings Direction (Destination) Markings

Other Markings Runway Distance Remaining Ground Receiver Checkpoint

Other Markings

Airport Beacons White/Green – Civilian Airport White/Yellow – Seaport White/White/Green – Military White/Yellow/Green - Heliport

Airport Operations

Land And Hold Short Controller can clear a pilot for LAHSO when there is an intersecting runway Pilot must determine if there is enough Available Runway Distance Pilot in Command has final authority to accept clearance (cannot be forced)

LAHSO – AF/D

Wake Turbulence Large Aircraft generate large wingtip vortices Vortex generation is governed by weight, speed and shape of wing Heavy, slow, and clean configuration gives the greatest vortex strength

Wake Turbulence Small aircraft must be separated from large and heavy aircraft by 3 minutes 3 minute separate rule does not apply Parallel runway father than 2500 ft When departure point is within 500 ft When PIC waivers the rule 3 minute rule cannot be waived if behind a heavy aircraft

Wake Turbulence Land/Takeoff before the rotation point of an airplane that just took off Land/Takeoff after the touchdown point of an airplane that just landed

Unexpected Maneuvers ATC services is based on observed or known traffic Controllers establish sequence and spacing Controllers can anticipate minor maneuvers like ‘S’ turns Controllers cannot anticipate 360 turns Must request or be asked by ATC

Intersection Takeoffs Pilots are expected to taxi to the beginning of the runway Pilot can request intersection takeoff

ATC Light Signals

Special VFR Must be done in controlled airspace only Clearance must be obtained from ATC when in class B, C, D airports Clearance must be obtained from nearest tower, FSS, or center when in class E airport

Special VFR Must be requested by pilot Weather Requirements At night Visibility of at least 1 statute mile Remain clear of clouds At night Pilot and aircraft must be IFR certified

Surveillance Environment Surveillance is available at class B, C and D TRSA (Terminal Radar Service Area) Initial contact is made with approach control Altitude should be reported along with position

Surveillance Environment Upon departing, initial contact is often made with Clearance Delivery Type aircraft, location on field, course heading, requested altitude, ATIS. Ground is simply contacted for taxi clearance After tower you will be transferred to departure

Surveillance Environment A Mode C transponder is required for most surveillance environments Mode C is altitude encoding which means the controller can see your altitude Why is the altitude off in the 172R transponder?

Surveillance Environment

Surveillance Equipment Radar Radio waves bounce off targets Has limitations and so the pilot is still required to ‘see and avoid’ Waves can be bent by temperature inversions Line of sight only Low altitude aircraft are harder to see

ATC Radar Beacon System (ATCRSB) Like a “secondary” radar system Reinforces primary radar and aids in rapid target identification Includes interrogator, transponder, and radarscope

Surveillance Equipment ASR – Surveillance Radar Often used for non-precision radar appraoches PAR – Precision Approach Radar Used for precision radar approaches Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ADSE) Provides ground radar surveillance Some transponders have ground mode

Interception Procedures “Identification intercepts during peacetime operations are vastly different than those conducted under increased states of readiness.” Here are the peacetime procedures…

Interception Procedures

Interception Procedures

Interception Procedures If intercepted contact air traffic control immediately or guard 121.5 “If the U.S. military intercepts an aircraft and flares are dispensed in the area of that aircraft, aviators will pay strict attention!!!!!!”

Interception Procedures Phase One Aircraft will be approached from the stern Two aircraft will attempt identification Phase Two Intercepted aircraft should expect to visually acquire the lead interceptor They will get closer to read your tail number

Interception Procedures Phase 3 After identification, flight leader will turn away followed by wingman

Interception Procedures

Interception Procedures

Interception Procedures

Peace out