The Function and Composition of Blood Chapter 10: The Blood Lesson 10.1 The Function and Composition of Blood

The Function and Composition of Blood Blood is responsible for providing transportation, regulation, and protection throughout the body. It also plays a key role in gas exchange.

Functions of the Blood

The Formed Elements There are two basic components of blood: Plasma: liquid component Formed elements: solid component Red blood cells Carry oxygen White blood cells Immune response Platelets Clotting of blood

Physical Properties of Blood Blood is a sticky, thick fluid that makes up roughly 8% of our total body weight. Both men and women have, on average, between 4 and 5 liters of blood. Blood is slightly salty with, a sodium chloride concentration of 0.9%. It has a pH between 7.35 and 7.45 and an average temperature of 38°C (100.4°F) The color of blood varies based on the oxygen level in the bloodstream. Oxygen-rich blood in the arteries is a brighter red than the oxygen-poor blood in the veins.

Plasma The formed elements are transported in the plasma, or liquid part of the blood. 90% water 8% plasma proteins 2% mixture of electrolytes, nutrients, ions, respiratory gases, hormones, waste products

Plasma It contains three types of proteins Fibrinogen Albumin Globulin It also contains a mixture of electrolytes and buffers Sodium, potassium, chloride etc Bicarbonate, phosphate & sulfate regulate blood pH

The Composition of Blood

The Composition of Blood

Manufacturing Blood Cells New blood cells are manufactured in a process called hematopoiesis Blood cells are manufactured in bone marrow.

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) They carry oxygen to every living cell in the body and carry carbon dioxide away. RBCs are disk-shaped and the most abundant cells in the blood, numbering between four and six million per cubic millimeter. Hemoglobin molecule binds with oxygen and carbon dioxide transporting them from and to the lungs respectively.

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) Red blood cell production is regulated by the kidneys through a process called erythropoiesis. Recycling of RBSc Red blood cells live 120 days Phagocytosis – RBCs recycled Hemolysis – the rapture of RBCs when they reach the end of their lifecycle.

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Plasma Red Blood Cell Platelets Bright red Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: plasma, white blood cells, platelets, bright red, red blood cell. 1. Liquid portion of blood 2. Carry oxygen 3. Clot 4. Arterial blood Plasma Red Blood Cell Platelets Bright red

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) White blood cells, or leukocytes, serve as the body’s infection fighters and, therefore, play an important role in immune response. At any given time, blood contains about 4,300 to 10,800 white blood cells (WBCs) per cubic millimeter.

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Within a matter of hours, the number of WBCs doubles when a foreign microorganism is detected in the body. Granulocytes: have granules in their cytoplasm Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Agranulocytes: cytoplasm lacks granules Lymphocytes Monocytes

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) There are five different types of white blood cells. Each type varies by size, appearance, and function. Neutrophils First responders The most abundant Phagocytic cells that engulf and kill foreign invaders Eosinophils Only a small portion of our WBCs Participate in many inflammatory processes, especially allergic reactions.

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Basophils Least abundant of the WBSc Produce histamine which induces an inflammatory response. Produce heparin, an anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting. Lymphocytes Second most abundant WBCs in the body. T cells (>80%) B cells Form antibodies to fight antigens. Monocytes Largest white blood cells in the body Become macrophages that devour microorganisms.

Platelets (Thrombocytes) They are small, irregularly shaped cell fragments lacking a nucleus Platelets play an important role in hemostasis Sequence of events that causes blood clots to form.

Platelets (Thrombocytes) Steps of hemostasis Vessel wall injury and constriction – reduces blood loss at the site of injury. Platelet aggregation – repair the tear and release a chemical that maintains constriction of blood vessel Platelet plug formation and coagulation Blood clot formation and retraction

The Process of Hemostasis

Review and Assessment T cell Basophils Hemoglobin Hemostasis Fill in the blanks with: basophils, hemostasis, hemoglobin, or T cell. 1. _______________ is a type of lymphocyte. 2. _______________ produce histamine. 3. _______________ binds with oxygen. 4. _______________ stops bleeding. T cell Basophils Hemoglobin Hemostasis

Blood Types Blood Types Video Chapter 10: The Blood Lesson 10.2 Blood Types Blood Types Video

Blood Types Blood is classified according to the microscopic differences found on the surface of the red blood cell. Presence of molecule A – blood type A Molecule B – blood type B, Molecule A and B – blood type AB No A or B molecules – blood type O

These molecules on the surface of the RBCs are called antigens Blood Types These molecules on the surface of the RBCs are called antigens They identify self and non-self Antibodies are produced once a foreign antigen is detected in the body

Blood Types

Blood Transfusions When a person with type A blood is transfused with blood from a type B blood donor, the recipient’s anti-B antibodies attack the donor’s red blood cells. This causes the donated red blood cells to clump together in a process called agglutination. Creates blockages in smaller blood vessels and is potentially fatal.

Blood Transfusions Universal recipient has no antibodies and can safely receive blood of any type Blood type AB Universal donor has no antigens that can be attacked and therefore, can donate to anyone Blood type O

The Rh Classification System Rh (rhesus factor) is a second antigen on the surface of RBCs that determines your blood type. Rh-positive individuals Have Rh factor antigen on RBCs Rh-negative individuals do not have Rh factor antigen on RBCs

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn: (Erythroblastosis Fetalis) Rh danger during pregnancy of an Rh(-) mother carrying an Rh(+) unborn child. 1st pregnancy: proceeds without problems 2nd pregnancy: mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh(+) blood of the baby. Can be prevented if treated with an immune serum called RhoGAM immediately after giving birth to the first child.

Review and Assessment True True False False True True or False? 1. Blood type O is the universal donor. 2. Agglutination is the clumping of RBCs. 3. Antigens are in blood plasma. 4. Antibodies are on the surface of RBCs. 5. Rh factor is positive or negative. True True False False True

Blood Types Blood Types Video Chapter 10: The Blood Lesson 10.2 Blood Types Blood Types Video

The Process of Hemostasis

Blood Disorders and Diseases Chapter 10: The Blood Lesson 10.3 Blood Disorders and Diseases

Blood Disorders and Diseases Blood disorders and diseases can be diagnosed in a variety of ways, including a complete blood count test. Many health problems affecting the blood are inherited, but some are caused by environmental factors, poor diet, or even old age.

Complete Blood Count detects blood disorders or diseases

Anemia A condition characterized by a decrease in number of RBCs or insufficient amount of hemoglobin in the RBCs There are three main causes of anemia: Excessive blood loss, Decreased RBC production, High rate of RBC destruction.

Anemia Symptoms include: Headache, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, and difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. A healthful diet provides the building blocks for RBC production: iron, folic acid, and vitamin B

Acquired Anemias Can be caused by a dietary deficiency, exposure to parasitic worms or a symptom of another disease. Iron-deficient anemia The most common type of anemia Insufficient dietary intake of iron Intestinal bleeding from intestinal worms Pregnancy because the bodies supply the fetus with hemoglobin, which depletes the mother’s iron levels.

Acquired Anemias 2. Aplastic anemia Rare condition cause by damage to stem cells in bone marrow hence cannot produce sufficient RBCs, WBCs or platelets. Causes include: Toxins (such as those found in pesticides) Radiation therapy or chemotherapy Infectious & autoimmune disease (ex. Hepatitis, HIV, RA) Heredity

Acquired Anemias 3. Pernicious anemia Intestines cannot absorb vitamin B12 a vitamin essential for RBC production. 4. Anemias caused by chronic disease Rheumatoid arthritis Kidney disease Chronic infections Cancer

Inherited Anemias Inherited anemias are determined by genetic makeup. A child must receive an anemia gene from both parents to experience symptoms of an inherited anemia. If an anemia gene is received from only one parent, the child will be a carrier but will not experience symptoms.

Inherited Anemias Sickle cell anemia Cooley’s anemia RBCs have crescent shape Carry less oxygen Crises–painful episodes Cooley’s anemia Body cannot produce fully formed hemoglobin and enough RBCs Blood’s oxygen-carrying capability is reduced.

Jaundice Yellow-colored skin and whites of the eyes Cause by excess bilirubin, a product of RBC breakdown, typically excreted through bile in the liver. Can be a result of liver damage or disease. Common in newborns as a result if an immature liver. photobank.kiev.ua/Shutterstock.com

Blood Disorders Hemophilia Polycythemia A disorder in which the blood does not clot properly because some clotting factors are missing. Inherited carried on the X chromosome More common in males Polycythemia Overproduction of RBCs Causes thick blood

Leukemia Cancer of the blood caused by the production of an extremely high number of immature white blood cells. CLL

Myeloblasts – stem cells that produce granulocytes Leukemia Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) Most common in adults over 70 over production of lymphocytes (T-cells & B-cells) Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) Most common in adults Too many myeloblasts – cells that fight bacterial infections Myeloblasts – stem cells that produce granulocytes

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) Common in middle-aged adults High level of lymphocytes (T-cells & B-cells) Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) Too many granulocytes

Multiple Myeloma Plasma cell cancer in bone marrow Second most common blood cancer in the United States May damage bone particularly in the back and ribs Treatable with steroid drugs, chemotherapy, and stem cell transplants. Incurable

Review and Assessment Leukemia Hemophilia Jaundice Anemia Match these words with 1–4 below: jaundice, leukemia, myeloma, anemia, hemophilia, 1. Cancer of the blood 2. Blood does not clot 3. Yellow colored skin 4. Decrease in number of RBCs Leukemia Hemophilia Jaundice Anemia