AIRCRAFT HANDLING Part 2 Ground Handling

Ground Handling Handling Team What is FOD? Aircraft arrivals and departures are usually attended by two tradesmen, known as the Handling Team The handling team will marshal an arriving aircraft into a parking area which has been cleared of FOD What is FOD?

Ground Handling FOD is Foreign Object Damage objects which have the potential to damage aircraft either by being sucked into an engine, blown by jet efflux into another aircraft, or damaging aircraft tyres.

Ground Handling The Handling Team will insert chocks and connect necessary power and ground servicing equipment. Position fire extinguishers during engine shut-downs. Position aircraft steps and assist the aircrew with unstrapping. Finally the handling team fit safety devices (safety pins, covers, blanks and plugs that may be needed).

Marshalling The aim of the marshaller is to assist the pilot in the safe manoeuvring of the aircraft on the ground. The marshaller communicates with the pilot by making visual signals with his arms and hands, but the pilot is not required to comply with marshalling instructions he considers to be unsafe.

Marshalling The extent of the marshalling assistance will depend upon: The pilot’s familiarity with the airfield, the number of obstructions, the size of the aircraft, the field of view from the cockpit.

Marshalling At an unfamiliar airfield taxiing instruction can be passed to the pilot by radio; For a long taxi route, marshallers may be stationed along the route at intervals, or “follow me” vehicles may be used.

Marshalling Night Marshalling Taxiing at night requires more detailed marshalling directions. Navigation lights must always be on, and taxi lights used. Care should be taken not to dazzle the marshaller. Nav Lights Taxi Lights

Marshalling Night Marshalling Marshallers carry wands or torches for identification and must be visible at all times by the pilot. If the pilot looses sight of the marshaller they must stop and wait for them to catch up.

Towing and Parking Aircraft are never taxied in to or out of hangers – they are towed or manhandled instead. Handling parties must be qualified and consist of: An experienced supervisor. One person in the cockpit to operate the brakes. One at each wing tip to ensure obstacle clearance. Either a driver for the towing vehicle, or sufficient people to manhandle the aircraft.

Towing and Parking When parking an aircraft the handling party act in accordance with orders for that aircraft: Park the aircraft facing into wind so that no part of one aircraft overlaps any part of another. b. Double chock the wheels - fore and aft. c. Release the brakes. Check the electrical services, ignition switches and fuel cocks are turned off. e. Apply control locks. f. Fit pitot and static vents covers. Lock canopies and doors, fit canopy, wheel and engine covers and set drip trays.

Danger Zones Danger zones are those areas in which there is a high risk of injury to personnel when aircraft components or systems are operated on the ground. Danger zones include: Engine intakes - sucking Engine exhausts – blowing & hot Propellers – always considered as “live” Helicopter rotors – prone to “blade sail” where they rotate and bring the blades closer to ground height.

Danger Zones Wheel and Brake Fires Aircraft wheel brakes are made of two components: a pad of heat-resistant, hard-wearing fibre and a disc attached to the wheel. Friction between pad and disc slows the aircraft, it also heats up the disc – which can, in prolonged taxiing, abnormal loading or heavy landing, cause a fire. The Marshalling team are in charge of this until the Fire Service arrives.

Danger Zones Wheel and Brake Fires The safest course of first aid action against an aircraft wheel or brake fire is: To stand forward or rearward of the wheels, depending on the prevailing wind, but never in line with the axle. To operate the fire extinguisher at the limit of its range, and to spray the extinguishant downwards, 0.3m away from the wheels

Check Understanding The Marshalling Team The FOD Team What are the tradesmen who attend aircraft arrivals and departures known as? The Marshalling Team The FOD Team The Handling Team The Safety Team

Check Understanding The Handler The Marshaller The Director What is the person who assists the pilot in the safe manoeuvring of the aircraft called? The Handler The Marshaller The Director The Supervisor

Check Understanding By Radio By Semaphore By Hand and Arm signals How does the marshaller communicates with the pilot? By Radio By Semaphore By Hand and Arm signals Through Air Traffic Control

Check Understanding That the taxi-light bulbs are not burned out. What precautions should be taken when using taxi-lights? That the taxi-light bulbs are not burned out. That the marshaller should not be dazzled. That the aircraft batteries are not overloaded. That people in adjacent buildings are not dazzled.

Areas around propellers, engine intakes, Check Understanding Areas around propellers, engine intakes, exhausts, rotors etc. are considered as what? Activation Areas Blade Zones Rotation Areas Danger Zones

Check Understanding Blade dropping Blade falling Blade sailing What is the effect called when a helicopter on the ground, has its engine running, and a gust of wind causes its blades to be closer to the ground than normal? Blade dropping Blade falling Blade sailing Blade slipping

Check Understanding 0.3 m away from the wheels 0.3 m above the wheels When fighting an aircraft wheel fire, where should you aim the extinguisher jet? 0.3 m away from the wheels 0.3 m above the wheels Directly onto the wheels 0.3 m behind the wheels

Check Understanding At an unfamiliar airfield how can taxiing instruction be passed to the pilot? Via a TV link-up By ‘follow me’ vehicles Via Semaphore By Radio

AIRCRAFT HANDLING End of Presentation