Energy in the Cell Ch 6&7 ADV Ch 5 Standard

ENERGY Is an important requirement of LIFE Energy is stored in ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is composed of one adenosine attached to THREE phosphate groups. The energy in ATP is released when the bond is broken between the phosphate groups. Cells recycle ADP (adenosine diphosphate) to make new ATP to store more energy for future use.

www.nclark.net ATP ADP Phosphate Adenosine High-energy bond: Stores much energy *This energy is released when the bond is broken* Energy Adenosine Phosphate ADP

The bond between the second and third phosphate groups can be broken to release a small amount of energy. The molecule that is left over called ADP, because it is a "diphosphate," can be recharged again to produce more ATP. To recharge your ATP, all you have to do is provide an energy source, such as the carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in a cheeseburger.

All organisms (cells) require energy for: Active transport Cell DIVISION PROTEIN Production Building cell ORGANELLES Maintaining HOMEOSTASIS Transporting ions and removing WASTE

Overview of Photosynthesis Plants use sunlight energy to make glucose (CARBOHYDRATES) that STORE energy. Carried out by green plants and some bacteria Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast. Purpose: to trap sun’s energy and store it in glucose AUTOTROPH - Organism that makes its own food using the process of photosynthesis.

Overview of Photosynthesis 2 Stages of Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon Dioxide Water Sunlight Glucose Oxygen

Light Dependent Reactions Occurs in the THYLAKOID inside the CHLOROPLAST. ii. Thylakoids are green because they contain the CHLOROPHYLL needed to absorb light energy. iii. Light energy is converted to ATP (CHEMICAL Energy).

Light Independent Reactions CALVIN CYCLE Occurs in the STROMA. CO2 combines with ATP to produce GLUCOSE.

Cellular Respiration Plants and animals carry out cellular respiration to RELEASE the energy stored in glucose. Takes place in the MITOCHONDRIA. HETEROTROPHS - Organism that releases energy from the food it CONSUMES.

Overview of Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Steps of aerobic respiration (requires oxygen) Glycolysis: First step breaks down glucose into pyruvate Intermediate step: Change pyruvate to acetyl CoA Citric Acid Cycle: Second step uses the acetyl CoA to make electrons for the last step Electron transport chain: Third step uses the electrons to make a lot of ATP Glucose Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Water

Photosynthesis and respiration are the opposite of each other.

Photosynthesis and Respiration

Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Process Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Takes Place In: PLANTS PLANTS & ANIMALS Organelle CHOLROPLASTS MITOCHONDRIA Energy Is: STORED IN GLUCOSE RELEASED FROM GLUCOSE Takes in Carbon dioxide Oxygen Gives off Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H1206 + 6O2 C6H1206 + 6O2→ 6CO2 + 6H2O

Cellular Respiration aerobic respiration (requires oxygen) Glycolysis: First step breaks down glucose into pyruvate Intermediate step: Change pyruvate to acetyl CoA Citric Acid Cycle: Second step uses the acetyl CoA to make electrons for the last step Electron transport chain: Third step uses the electrons to make a lot of ATP

Fermentation Anaerobic respiration (requires no oxygen) Also called fermentation 2 types: alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation Both begin with glycolysis No citric acid cycle or electron transport chain

Sources of information Pictures, examples, and charts were taken from a variety of online sources.