Wednesday October 22, 2014 Mr. Goblirsch – U.S. History OBJECTIVE – Students Will Be Able To – SWBAT: Describe the harsh working conditions and why workers began to organize in Unions. AGENDA: WARM-UP: Rockefeller & Standard Oil Cartoons CONCEPT: Working Conditions & Labor Unions GUIDED READING: Changing Workforce INDEPENDENT PRACTICE: Strikes Chart PARTNER TASK: Inventions Poster ***Inventions Advertisement Poster DUE TOMORROW*** Oil Cartoons WARM-UP: (Follow the directions below) ***5 Minutes*** Analyze the 2 cartoons to the right. What does the top cartoon say about the Standard Oil Company? What does the bottom cartoon say John D. Rockefeller? 3) Based on these two cartoons, what do you feel the public’s perception of Rockefeller & Standard Oil were?

Ch 6 Sec 3 Working Conditions & Labor Unions

WORKERS HAD POOR CONDITIONS Workers routinely worked 6 or 7 days a week, had no vacations, no sick leave, and no compensation for injuries Injuries were common – In 1882, an average of 675 workers were killed PER WEEK on the job

- Entire families had to work (women & children) Changing Workplace - Entire families had to work (women & children) - Long work week (most 6 days, some 7) - Long hours (many 12-14 hour days) Low wages (Child sweatshops pay as low as $.27 for a 14 hour day) MEN: 1889 - $498, 1904 - $540, 1909 - $631 WOMEN: 1889 - $267, 1904 - $289, 1909 - $339 - No benefits like unemployment, vacation, sick pay, or medical reimbursement - Division of labor = mind-dulling, repetitive - Dangerous work conditions (fatigue, faulty equipment, little training = fires & accidents often)

CHANGING WORKFORCE HANDOUT About how many workers were there in the U.S. in 1860? 1900? What percentage of workers in 1860 were farmers? 1900? In what decade did the percentage of nonfarm workers first exceed the percentage of farm workers? About how much did the average farmworker & nonfarm worker earn in 1860? About how much did the average farmworker & nonfarm worker earn in 1900?

LABOR UNIONS EMERGE As conditions for laborers worsened, workers realized they needed to organize The first large-scale national organization of workers was the National Labor Union in 1866 Fighting for better working conditions, wages, and hours

Labor Unions Form Workers Unite---More Power in Numbers A. Fight for: Benefits Safer Working Conditions Better Wages Shorter Work Day Collective Bargaining B. Labor Unions 1. Early - Small, local unions formed since late 1700s 2. National Unions  Violent Strikes Fed Govt steps in to end strikes Public turns against the union movement

First Large National Organization – 640,000 II. New Unions A. National Labor Union 1866 (NLU) First Large National Organization – 640,000 William H Sylvis (Iron Worker) 1868 - NLU gets 8 hr Workday for Govt Workers Many chapters refused Afr. Am. Led to formation of CNLU Labor Leader

B. Knights of Labor 1869 Open to All Workers – “an injury to one is the concern of all – 700,000 (Women, Blacks, Unskilled) Equal Pay for equal work - Women & Men Favored Arbitration not Strikes K of L Logo Founder Uriah Stephens

C. American Federation of Labor - 1886 (AF of L is a Craft Union) Showed divergence in Union movement Skilled Workers from 1 or More Trades Founded by Samuel Gompers Used collective bargaining to negotiate wages, hours Used Strikes As Major Tactic

D. American Railway Union (ARU Industrial Union) – 150,000 Skilled & Unskilled in a Specific Industry Founded by Eugene V Debs “The strike is the weapon of the oppressed”

E. Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or Wobblies) Some Labor activists turned to Socialism Open to all Unskilled Workers and Blacks (miners, lumberjacks cannery & dockworkers) Founded by William “Big Bull” Haywood

EMPLOYERS FIGHT UNIONS The more powerful the unions became, the more employers came to fear them Employers often forbade union meetings and refused to recognize unions Employers forced new workers to sign “Yellow Dog Contracts,” swearing that they would never join a union Despite those efforts, the AFL had over 2 million members by 1914

Not a strike, but who was involved: Strike / Event Name Year Who went on strike & Why What happened? How did it end? Great Strike Of 1877 Haymarket Affair Homestead Strike Pullman NOT A STRIKE: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Not a strike, but who was involved:

Inventions Advertisement Group Poster New inventions changed the way people lived and worked during the mid to late 1800s. Your group will be selecting an invention and your task is to create an attractive advertising poster to promote your new invention. Your poster should be creative, original, and include: the name of your invention, an illustration, and benefits of your invention. 1869 – Transcontinental RxR (P. 237) 1837 – Steel Plow (P. 217) 1867 – Typewriter (P. 232) 1831 – Reaper (P. 217) 1876 – Telephone (P. 232) 1874 – Barbed Wire (P. 217) 1879 – Light bulb (P. 232) Late 1800s – Oil (P. 231) Late 1800s – Steel (P. 232)

Strikes Turn Violent The Great Strike of 1877 B&O RxR Workers Protest Wage Cuts Strike Impeded Interstate Commerce Violence Erupts---Fed Troops End the Strike

Chicago’s Haymarket Square Riot 1886 Workers Protesting Police Brutality Violence Erupts (Bomb Thrown at Police) The Public Turns Against Labor Movement

Homestead Strike 1892 (Pennsylvania) Carnegie Steel Workers Strike over pay cuts Pinkerton Guards Hired to Keep Plant Open Strikers Keep Plant Closed National Guard Reopens Plant Took 45 yrs for Steel Workers to Mobilize Again

Pullman Company Strike 1894 Workers Laid off or Wages Cut Strike Stopped the Mail from going West Violence Erupts-Fed Troops End Strike Strikers Fired & Blacklisted Could Never Work RxR Job Again

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire 146 Women Die in the Fire No Fire escapes Ladders Too Short Windows & Doors Locked Public Becomes Outraged Led to Improvements in Garment Industry

Not a strike, but who was involved: Strike / Event Name Year Who went on strike & Why What happened Great Strike Of 1877 Haymarket Affair Homestead Strike Pullman Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Not a strike, but who was involved: WHO: Railroad workers (B&O Railroad) WHY: Protest 2nd wage cut in two months State governors said it was impeding interstate commerce, so federal troops ended the strike. 1877 1886 1892 1894 1911

Not a strike, but who was involved: Strike / Event Name Year Who went on strike & Why What happened Great Strike Of 1877 Haymarket Affair Homestead Strike Pullman Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Not a strike, but who was involved: WHO: Railroad workers (B&O Railroad) WHY: Protest 2nd wage cut in two months State governors said it was impeding interstate commerce, so federal troops ended the strike. 1877 WHO: 3,000 people protesting police brutality WHY: a striker was killed & several wounded the day before A bomb was thrown, and several policeman & workers died & were wounded. The public began to turn on strikes 1886 1892 1894 1911

Not a strike, but who was involved: Strike / Event Name Year Who went on strike & Why What happened Great Strike Of 1877 Haymarket Affair Homestead Strike Pullman Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Not a strike, but who was involved: WHO: Railroad workers (B&O Railroad) WHY: Protest 2nd wage cut in two months State governors said it was impeding interstate commerce, so federal troops ended the strike. 1877 WHO: 3,000 people protesting police brutality WHY: a striker was killed & several wounded the day before A bomb was thrown, and several policeman & workers died & were wounded. The public began to turn on strikes 1886 Strikebreakers were hired to keep plant operating. Steelworkers forced out guards & kept plant closed until Pennsylvania National Guard arrived WHO: Carnegie steel workers WHY: to protest harsh working conditions & wage cuts 1892 1894 1911

Not a strike, but who was involved: Strike / Event Name Year Who went on strike & Why What happened Great Strike Of 1877 Haymarket Affair Homestead Strike Pullman Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Not a strike, but who was involved: WHO: Railroad workers (B&O Railroad) WHY: Protest 2nd wage cut in two months State governors said it was impeding interstate commerce, so federal troops ended the strike. 1877 WHO: 3,000 people protesting police brutality WHY: a striker was killed & several wounded the day before A bomb was thrown, and several policeman & workers died & were wounded. The public began to turn on strikes 1886 Strikebreakers were hired to keep plant operating. Steelworkers forced out guards & kept plant closed until Pennsylvania National Guard arrived WHO: Carnegie steel workers WHY: to protest harsh working conditions & wage cuts 1892 WHO: ARU boycotted Pullman trains WHY: Protest lay offs & wage cuts The strike turned violent when Pullman company hired strikebreakers, & federal troops once again stopped a strike 1894 1911

Not a strike, but who was involved: Strike / Event Name Year Who went on strike & Why What happened Great Strike Of 1877 Haymarket Affair Homestead Strike Pullman Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Not a strike, but who was involved: WHO: Railroad workers (B&O Railroad) WHY: Protest 2nd wage cut in two months State governors said it was impeding interstate commerce, so federal troops ended the strike. 1877 WHO: 3,000 people protesting police brutality WHY: a striker was killed & several wounded the day before A bomb was thrown, and several policeman & workers died & were wounded. The public began to turn on strikes 1886 Strikebreakers were hired to keep plant operating. Steelworkers forced out guards & kept plant closed until Pennsylvania National Guard arrived WHO: Carnegie steel workers WHY: to protest harsh working conditions & wage cuts 1892 WHO: ARU boycotted Pullman trains WHY: Protest lay offs & wage cuts The strike turned violent when Pullman company hired strikebreakers, & federal troops once again stopped a strike 1894 146 women were killed in a fire because they were locked in the factory with no sprinkler system 1911 Workers of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in NY

THE HAYMARKET AFFAIR Labor leaders continued to push for change – and on May 4, 1886 3,000 people gathered at Chicago’s Haymarket Square to protest police treatment of striking workers A bomb exploded near the police line – killing 7 cops and several workers Radicals were rounded up and executed for the crime

WOMEN ORGANIZE Although women were barred from most unions, they did organize behind powerful leaders such as Mary Harris Jones She organized the United Mine Workers of America Mine workers gave her the nickname, “Mother Jones” Pauline Newman organized the International Ladies Garment Workers Union at the age of 16

Industrialization Costs & Benefits DIRECTIONS: Draw a 2-column chart like the one below. Then, fill in the chart with each item based on whether it was a cost or benefit of industrialization. Growth of large corporations - Labor v. Management conflicts Corruption - Improved technology/machinery More manufactured goods - Less isolation (regions are linked) Better transportation - Less creative/skillful jobs Poor/dangerous working conditions - Improvements in construction techniques COSTS BENEFITS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. More manufactured goods Growth of large corporations Corruption Better transportation Improved technology/machinery Poor/Dangerous working conditions Less isolation (regions are linked) Labor v. Management conflicts Improvements in construction techniques Less creative/skillful jobs