Title of notes: Mutations p. 18 RS

I can describe how a protein is synthesized. Learning target I can describe how a protein is synthesized. Today I am… Actively engaged in lecture of protein synthesis. So that I’ll be able to… understand how important protein synthesis is to life. I’ll know I’ve got it when… Complete all notes and homework.

Mutations The source of variation in a genetic sequence. Can be either gene or chromosomal mutations. Point mutations = a change in a single nucleotide in a sequence of DNA.

MUTATIONS Chromosomal Mutations involve changes in the number or structure of the chromosome – often cause severe effects Deletion – loss of all or part of chromosome Duplication – extra copies of part of chromosome are created Inversion – reverse direction of part of chromosome Translocation – part of chromosome breaks off and attaches to another Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation

12-4 MUTATIONS Mutations are mistakes or changes in the DNA during DNA replication or cell division Gene Mutations involve changes in individual genes Point Mutations are changes in one or a few nucleotides either by substitutions, insertions or deletions Substitutions usually only effect one amino acid – sometimes there is little if any effect on protein Frameshift Mutations involve an insertion or deletion which causes the “reading frame” to be shifted along the entire sequence following the mutation – can cause a greater effect on the protein

POINT MUTATIONS Substitutions

Frameshift Mutation Inserting an extra nucleotide which, in turn, shifts the entire sequence one way or the other.

Significance of MUTATIONS Most have little or no effect on organism Harmful mutations cause a variety of genetic disorders Beneficial mutations include increasing genetic diversity and making stronger, larger crop plants (polyploidy – an organism with extra sets of chromosomes)

Write 2 facts in your notebook from the reading. Number the facts MUTATIONS Pg. 244 - 247 Write 2 facts in your notebook from the reading. Number the facts

We will also review the video in class. Mutations Video Watch the video and fill out the video worksheet We will also review the video in class.