14.1 – Church Reform & the Crusades

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Presentation transcript:

14.1 – Church Reform & the Crusades

Problems in the Church Priests were becoming illiterate Popes of questionable morals Bishops & abbots concerned w/ feudal riches Main Problems: Priests marrying & having families Bishops sell positions in the church (simony) Lay investiture

Church Reform Popes Leo IX & Gregory VII enforce laws against simony & marriage 1100s-1200s – Church structured like a kingdom Leader = Pope Court & Advisors = Curia Developed Canon Law Papal diplomats settled issues with bishops & kings Collection of tithes = money Help for the poor & hospitals

Religious Orders Early 1200s – monks travel Europe, preaching to the poor Dominicans (Dominic) – focused on learning Franciscans (Francis of Assisi) – All creatures were spiritual Role of women expands – spread religion; work with the sick & poor

Cathedrals Representations of the City of God 800-1100: Romanesque Style Round arches, small windows, little light New spirit & money = new style (Gothic) Tall, reaching buildings Vaulted arches Large windows = light Intricate work shows significance of God Ex: Notre Dame Cathedral

The Crusades Rise in faith inspires movement to retake the Holy Land 1095: Pope Urban II calls for a Crusade Goals & Opportunities: Reclaim Palestine & reunite Christendom Opportunity to use knights Strengthen relations with the Byzantines Merchants: Looking for profit, trade routes to the East People: Land, riches, salvation

The 1st Crusade

1st & 2nd Crusade 1st Crusade 2nd Crusade 1097: 3 armies outside Constantinople Armies ill-prepared and argue amongst each other 1099: Capture Jerusalem Vulnerable area from Edessa to Jerusalem 2nd Crusade Organized to recapture Edessa 1187: Saladin recaptures Jerusalem for the Muslims

3rd Crusade Goal: Recapture Jerusalem for Christendom Led by Phillip II (France), Frederick I (Germany), & Richard the Lionhearted (England) Phillip goes home & Frederick drowns Richard & Saladin fight many great battles; call truce in 1192 Jerusalem stays Muslim, but free passage for Christians

The Children’s Crusade Subsequent crusades failed to retake Jerusalem 1212: Groups of children try to take Jerusalem 30k from France & 20k from Germany 1000s die from cold & starvation Most of remainder sold into slavery or drown Only about 2,000 survive

The Reconquista Most of Spain was controlled by Muslims Reconquista: Effort to drive Muslims form Spain 1492: Ferdinand & Isabella retake Granada; ends the Reconquista Beginning of the Inquisition Court to suppress heresy Many Jews & Muslims convert to Christianity Many non-Christians are questioned, tortured, & even burned at the stake

Effects of the Crusades Example of the power of the Church 1000s leave home to fight for God Women gain opportunities to manage the estate, businesses Trade & Learning expands between Europe & Asia Papal power diminishes; kings flourish 1453: The Byzantine Empire falls Increased persecution of Jews in Europe Bitterness between Christian & Muslims