Centripetal Forces Promoting State Cohesion Nationalism Unifying Institutions Organization and Administration Transportation and communication Supranationalism

Centrifugal Forces Challenges to state authority Less nationalism Devolution and regionalism Peripheral location Social and economic inequality

Devolution Giving up of power by the central or federal government to the different regions of the country The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government Devolutionary pressures result in increased autonomy for a region. If strong enough, these devolutionary pressures may result in complete balkanization

Causes of Devolution Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements Eastern Europe—devolutionary forces since the fall of communism Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia Belgium

Causes of Devolution Economic Devolutionary Movements Catalonia, Spain—Barcelona is the center of commerce and banking in Spain and is much wealthier than the rest of Spain. Produces 25%-40% of exports Tribes in the Amazon—extraction of resources and development of rainforest without benefiting and being a part of decision making Scotland—revenues from oil fueling (ha) talk of independence

Causes of Devolution Spatial Devolutionary Movements Remote, isolated places, topography, and invasions Islands separate from mainland (Corsica, Taiwan, Puerto Rico) Hawaii—indigenous population demand autonomy

Devolution What happens or changes after Devolution? new state formed more power to regions religious revival language revival economic instability mass migration (refugees, emigration)

Supranationalism A separate entity composed of 3 or more states that form an association and administrative structure for mutual benefit in pursuit of shared goals 2 or more sovereign states align together for a common purpose. Purposes are trade alliances military cooperation Diplomacy At least 60 supra. orgs. today

Supranationalism What happens or changes from Supranationalism? Larger market (greater trade, free trade, great economic prosperity) Greater international influence (greater political/economic power) Open borders - for workers, tourists Common currency Common policy (about resources, agriculture, trade, military)

Supranational Organizations UN (1945) 193 members, cooperate with internationally approved standards, provide aid for poverty, peacekeeping operations, human rights, refugees, etc. NATO (1949) Mutual defense of member states as a response to the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War EU (1993) Political and economic integration of members NAFTA (1994) Free trade among members