Warm Up: 4/3 5 minutes: answer the MCQ below and finish your Castro activity from yesterday. #1: Who might have sympathized with the point of view depicted in the cartoon? Pro-Communist Cuban revolutionaries Brazilian peasants during the 1900s The pro-capitalist American establishment Soviet Union leaders

Today we will: Describe how the government (and others) responded to civil rights movements in the 1950s and 1960s Guided Notes and Doc Analysis Key Concept 8.2

Key Civil Rights Achievements Prior to 1950 Jackie Robinson: Broke the MLB color barrier on April 15, 1947 Executive Order 9981 (1948): Desegregated the US military A. Phillip Randolph: Civil Rights advocate Led to FDR banning segregation in defense industries (Executive Order 8802)

Emmett Till August, 1955, 14 year old Till visited family in Mississippi After allegedly saying “Bye baby” to the white clerk, he was kidnapped and murdered His mother insisted on an open casket The defendants were found not guilty via an all- white jury

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Thurgood Marshall NAACP lawyer, argued on behalf of Brown, future justice Earl Warren Chief Justice of the Supreme Court States must desegregate schools with “all deliberate speed”

Southern Resistance to Brown Massive Resistance: Senator Harry Byrd of Virginia Many Southern schools were shut down, rather than desegregate Southern Manifesto (March, 1956): Signed by 96 members of Congress Argued that the Supreme Court abused its power – education was NOT mentioned in the Constitution "The original Constitution does not mention education. Neither does the 14th Amendment nor any other amendment.”

“Little Rock Nine” Governor Orville Faubus of Arkansas resisted desegregation of Little Rock High School Used the National Guard to keep black students from entering the school After a court ruled the Guard to leave, students were harassed by a mob Eisenhower sent federal troops to allow the students in “We are a nation in which laws, not men, are supreme.” 1st time since Reconstruction the military intervened to protect African American rights

The Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) December 1, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat Black churches played a large role in organizing the boycott Women’s Political Council (WPC): Telephone tree Martin Luther King, Jr. – 26 years old Drew on ideas from Jesus, Thoreau, and Gandhi 1 year after Rosa Parks was arrested, Montgomery busses were desegregated

Test Tips Essay Topics: Tips for Multiple-Choice questions: Good Luck! Types of protest – civil rights, wars, etc. Comparing 1950s – 60s with previous time periods Tips for Multiple-Choice questions: Brown reversed Plessy Eisenhower’s response to Little Rock King was influenced by Thoreau and Gandhi Good Luck!

MCQ Practice: Read the stimulus Discuss answers with your table group Reach a consensus Be ready to share out

Sit-ins and Freedom Rides Greensboro, North Carolina Sit-in February 1, 1960 4 black students sat at a segregated counter of a Woolworth’s 5 and Dime Store As the week progressed, more students joined in Inspired sit-ins across the country Also inspired “wade-ins,” “kneel-ins,” and “bowl-ins” Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) “Freedom riders” wanted to challenge segregation on interstate buses in the South Wanted to force the Justice Department to enforce desegregation laws Birmingham, Alabama Freedom Riders were attacked by a white mob September, 1961 – ICC enforced the ban on segregation

Ole Miss and “Bombingham” James Meredith: 28 year old black Air Force Veteran registered at University of Mississippi 500 federal marshals were attacked by a mob when Meredith tried to enroll Kennedy ordered 30,000 troops to restore order Martin Luther King focused on Birmingham King and others were arrested for protesting “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” Drew on Thoreau’s and Gandhi’s ideas of civil disobedience “an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for law.” Eugene “Bull” Connor: Used fire hoses and dogs to break up protests The advent of TV helped spread awareness of atrocities

Alabama and a March Governor George Wallace Vowed to avoid desegregation at the University of Alabama Gave a speech prior to two black students registering Kennedy realized he could no longer negotiate the issue of civil rights Helped present the civil rights issue as a moral one Asked Congress to pass laws that support voting rights August 28, 1963: Largest civil rights protest in history (200,000 +) “I have a dream”

MLK and Malcolm X MLK: Malcolm X: Civil disobedience Believed black could be American AND African Major goal was desegregation “Love thy enemy” Assassinated in April, 1968 Malcolm X: Born Malcolm Little, became a member of the Nation of Islam Advocated “black revolution” and black separatism Appealed to frustrated African Americans Assassinated in February, 1965

Key Acts and Terms Civil Rights Act of 1964: Guaranteed equal access to public accommodations Created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Government could cut off funds where discrimination occurred Voting Rights Act of 1965: Federal government could register voters Eliminated literacy tests for voting The number of African Americans registered to vote in the South skyrocketed De Jure Discrimination: Discrimination by laws De Facto Discrimination: Discrimination by custom and tradition

Important Organizations Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Helped register blacks to vote in Mississippi (5% were registered in 1964) Later, under the leadership of Stokely Carmichael, SNCC focused on black power Black Panthers (1966): Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Advocated the arming of blacks against white police

Test Tips Essay Topics: Tips for Multiple-Choice questions: Good Luck! Types of protest – civil rights, wars, etc. Comparing 1950s – 60s with previous time periods Tips for Multiple-Choice questions: King was influenced by Thoreau and Gandhi Good Luck!