LAP 1: Literary Elements Literary Types

Genre is a type of category of literary composition such as fiction, nonfiction, poetry, and drama. The genre known as fiction includes any work of prose that tells an invented or imaginary story. Genre

Literary elements provide structure to the literature Literary elements provide structure to the literature. All literary elements are evident in all literature that creates a story. Literary Elements

Plot Development The plot is the series of events related to a central conflict, or struggle. Typically, the plot introduces a conflict, develops it, and eventually resolves it. Plot is the map of a story. It is the sequence of events that happen in a story. Plot provides a story with structure.

Plot Plot has five basic points: Exposition Rising action Climax Falling action Resolution/Denouement Plot

Plot Diagram

Exposition Exposition is the beginning of the story. Setting identified Characters introduced Conflict presented Exposition

Setting generally provides the time and place of a specific scene or chapter, the entire story, a play or a narrative poem. Setting can also include: the mood of the time period, situation or event. the social, political, environmental or emotional climate. the emotional state of a character. Setting

Rising action is when something starts to happen.

 It is a decisive moment or a turning point in a storyline at which the rising action turns around into a falling action. Climax is the high point of the action. Climax

Falling Action is the action following the climax Falling Action is the action following the climax. The events and conflicts are falling together. Falling Action

Resolution/ Denouement Resolution/Denouement is the conclusion of the action when everything comes together. Resolution/ Denouement

Characterization: the method used to describe a character.

Direct Characterization Direct Characterization– the author tells us directly what a character is like. Direct Characterization

Indirect Characterization Indirect Characterization– what a character is like is revealed through his/her thoughts, speech, and actions. Indirect Characterization

Character motivation is the reason behind a character's behaviors and actions in a given scene or throughout a story. Character Motivation

Protagonist and Antagonist Protagonist - The protagonist is the central person in a story, and is often referred to as the story's main character. He or she (or they) is faced with a conflict that must be resolved. The protagonist may not always be admirable (e.g. an anti-hero); nevertheless s/he must command involvement on the part of the reader, or better yet, empathy. Antagonist - The antagonist is the character(s) (or situation) that represents the opposition against which the protagonist must contend. In other words, the antagonist is an obstacle that the protagonist must overcome. Protagonist and Antagonist

Flat character: a one-dimensional character, commonly seen in fairy tales, who exhibits a single, dominant character trait Round character: one who shows many different character traits Static character: one who does not change during the course of the action Dynamic character: one who, because of the story’s events, does change Types of Characters

A plot revolves around some type of conflict, or struggle A plot revolves around some type of conflict, or struggle. Usually, throughout the course of a story, a central conflict is introduced, developed, and resolved. Internal Conflict: a struggle that takes place within a character. External Conflict: a struggle that takes place between a character and some outside force. Conflict

Types of Conflict Person versus Person Person versus Nature Person versus Society Person versus Self Types of Conflict

Person vs. Person: Conflict among one or more characters.

Person vs. Nature: Conflict among a character and an outside physical force within nature.

Person vs. Society: A character versus a societal force.

Person vs. Self: A character versus themselves and their inner-thoughts and decisions.

Point of View: the vantage point from which a story is told. Different Points of View First Person Second Person Third Person Objective Third Person Limited Omniscient Point of View

The narrator is a character, often the main character, of the story The narrator is a character, often the main character, of the story. This character reveals personal thoughts and feelings but is unable to tell the feelings of others unless he or she is told by another character. The first person narrator refers to him or herself as “I.” First Person

Second person is a point of view (how a story is told) where the narrator tells the story to another character using the word 'you.' The author could be talking to the audience, which we could tell by the use of 'you,' 'you're,' and 'your.' In fiction, second person is used as a narrative voice, a term used for the method in which a narrator describes the story. In nonfiction, we see second person in business and technical writing, process writing, self-help books, and even more interactive game playing writing. Second Person

Third Person Objective Third Person Objective: The narrator is an outsider, not a character. The third person objective reports what is happening (seen and heard), but cannot tell the reader what characters are thinking. Third Person Objective

Third Person Limited: The narrator is an outsider, not a character Third Person Limited: The narrator is an outsider, not a character. The third person objective reports what is happening as well as the thoughts of one specific character. Third Person Limited

Third Person Omniscient Omniscient: This is the all-knowing narrator. The omniscient point of view sees everything and hears everything, and is able to see into the minds of multiple characters. Third Person Omniscient

The theme is the central idea or perception about life that is revealed through a literary work. Most works of fiction do not have a stated theme but rather several implied themes. Theme is a main idea or strong message tied to life. Theme threads itself through a story, chapter or scene to make a point about life, society or human nature. Generally, there is one major theme in a piece of literature. Additional themes can often be found in a piece of literature. Theme

Examples of Theme Love Loss Good vs. Evil Coming of age Power and corruption Survival Examples of Theme

Tone is the writer’s attitude toward his or her subject as indicated by diction (word choices), the use of certain literary devices, and genre. Examples of an author’s tone include, but are not limited to: humorous, passionate, sincere, solemn, and anger. Tone

Mood, or atmosphere, is the emotion created in the reader by part or all of a story. Mood is how the reader feels about the story Tip: this is how you as the reader feels from reading the story. Mood

Inferences a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioZW58bOBFE Inferences

Flashback and Foreshadowing A story has to have a beginning and an end. A story’s plot, therefore, is often framed by time. Most stories are told in chronological order: meaning that the writer unfolds events in the order in which they occur. Sometimes authors play with this time sequence. A flashback interrupts the chronological sequence of a literary work and presents an event that occurred earlier. Writers use foreshadowing to present hints or clues to events that will occur later in a story. Flashback and Foreshadowing

Irony is the contrast between expectation (what is expected) and reality (what actually occurs).

Irony or Coincidence?

Coincidence and Irony Coincidence is when two things happen by chance. Irony is the opposite of expectations. Coincidence and Irony

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Dramatic irony – This occurs when the reader or audience understands more about the events of a story than a character. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwLKPDJqldw Dramatic Irony

Situational irony – This occurs when what actually happens is the opposite of what is expected or appropriate. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uwLwXd0Bw0 Situational Irony

Verbal irony – A character says one thing but really means the opposite. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PGeGVJn8Z7s Verbal Irony

A symbol is a person, a place, a thing, or an event that has meaning in itself and stands for something beyond itself as well. A symbols is commonly known as representing the other item. Symbol

The use of symbols to represent ideas or meanings. Symbolism