Big 7 - Chapter 1 Intro to Science

Do Now Getting to know you: Describe the highlight of your summer Describe a low point of your summer What is one thing you want to do differently to improve your school year?

Big 7 - Chapter 1.1 – Intro to Science Define Science A system of knowledge based on facts or principles What do Scientists do? Perform experiments, explain things, check results, test current theories Branches of science Biological – living things Earth Science – the earth Physical Science – matter and energy Science vs. Technology Technology is the use of science for practical application Scientific Theory An explanation that has been tested by repeated observations Scientific Law A statement about a set of observations Types of Observations Quantitative observation uses numbers Qualitative observation doesn’t use numbers

Big 7 - Chapter 1.2 – Scientific Method Critical Thinking Scientific Method Hypothesis Conclusion Variable Accuracy Precision

Do Now Scientific Method in Daily Life Give three examples of how you may problem-solving throughout the day.

How you use science skills: Make a prediction about a technology we may have in the future. It can be specific to your life or the world in general. Why do you think this will occur or not occur? Compared to ten years ago, describe a discovery that has improved the quality of your life. How has it improved the quality of life? Describe an instance in which you identified a problem and came up with a solution.

Critical Thinking: Applying logic and reason to observations and conclusion

A critical thinking process used to solve scientific problems Scientific Method:

Steps to Design an Experiment Hypothesize or Predict State the Problem Hypothesize or Predict Conclude Plan your Experiment Analyze Data Record & Organize Data Perform Experiment

Do Now You’re helping write a futuristic movie taking place at a school 10 years from now. Describe one way life could be different.

Educated guess; Testable explanation of a situation that can be supported or disproved by careful procedures Hypothesis:

Observation: Using your senses to find out what is going on around you

The determination as to whether your results supported your hypothesis Conclusion:

Variable Anything that is changed in an experiment (the goal is to change only one)

Closeness of the measurement to the accepted value Accuracy: High Accuracy Low Accuracy

Exactness of a measurement Precision:

Big 7 - Chapter 1.2 – Scientific Method Critical Thinking Applying logic and reason to observations and conclusion Scientific Method A critical thinking process used to solve scientific problems Hypothesis A proposed answer to a question Conclusion The determination as to whether your results supported your hypothesis Variable Anything that is changed in an experiment (goal is to change only one) Accuracy Closeness of the measurement to the accepted value Precision Exactness of a measurement

Big 7 - Chapter 1.3 – Metric System part 1 What is the metric system? Why use it? Unit Conversions Use of Prefixes Large Prefixes Small Prefixes Significant Figures

What is the metric system? It is a system of measurements that uses powers of ten (SI for short) 10 10 10 10 10

SI units are used all around the world and it is easier to work in powers of ten Why use it? 10

1 inch = 2.54 cm Unit Conversions: The process of going from one unit to another Ex: going from feet to centimeters 1 inch = 2.54 cm 3.00 inches X 2.54 cm 1 inch = 7.62 cm

1 inch = 2.54 cm 9.00 cm X 1 inch 2.54 cm = 3.54 inches

Prefixes before a unit change the value of the number Use of Prefixes

Means that a number has a larger value Large Prefixes: Kilo = x 1000 or x 103 Mega = x 1,000,000 or x 106 Giga = x 1,000,000,000 or x 109 Tera = x 1,000,000,000,000 or x 1012

Centi = x .01 or x 10-2 Milli = x .001 or x 10-3 Means that a number has a smaller value Small Prefixes: Centi = x .01 or x 10-2 Milli = x .001 or x 10-3 Micro = x .000,001 or x 10-6

Digits reported in a measurement: Significant Figures Digits reported in a measurement: How would you measure this? 1, 1.9, 1.95 or 1.950 You measure all known plus one digit that is uncertain.

Big 7 - Chapter 1.4 – Metric System part 2 Length Mass Volume Speed Energy Temperature Force

Do now: Copy the following into your notebook: Measure U.S. Unit/Symbol METRIC Length Mass Area Volume Temperature Time

1 inch = 2.54 cm 1 mile = 1.61 km Length Metric: meters (m) English: miles and inches 1 inch = 2.54 cm 1 mile = 1.61 km

At your desk, use a meter stick to measure the following: Try It Width of your desk in meters: cm: Length of your note paper in cm: mm: Height of your table in cm: Thickness of your pencil or pen in mm:

Mass Metric: grams (g) English: slugs (slug)

At your desk, partner up and use a triple beam balance to measure: Try It Person 1 measure the mass of your phone: Person 2 measure the mass of one other object: What UNIT should you use to label your answers?

Metric: liters (L) for liquids m3 for solids English: gallons and cups Volume Metric: liters (L) for liquids m3 for solids English: gallons and cups yd3 1 gallon = 3.78 liters 1 cup = .237 liters

At your desk, determine the volume of a given container: Try It The graduated cylinder: The beaker: Which container gives you a more PRECISE measurement? Why?

Temperature Metric: Celsius (C) English: Fahrenheit (F) 212˚F = 100 ˚C 70 ˚F = 21 ˚C 32 ˚F = 0 ˚C

At your desk, determine the temperature of a given substance: Try It Place the thermometer into the beaker: What unit should you use to label your answer?

Metric: meters per second (m/s) English: miles per hour (mph) Speed Metric: meters per second (m/s) English: miles per hour (mph) 1 mph = .45 m/s

On the road, the metric speed is kilometer per hour (km/hr) 30 mph is about 50 km/hr 60 mph is about 100 km/hr

Energy Metric: Joules (J) English: calories (cal)

Force Metric: Newton (N) English: pound-force (lbF)

Big 7 - Chapter 1.4 – Intro to the Metric System Length Metric units is meters (m) vs. English is miles and inches Mass Metric: grams (g) English: slugs Volume Metric: liters (L) English: gallons and cups Speed Metric: meters per second (m/s) English: miles per hour Energy Metric: Joules (J) English: calories Temperature Metric: Celsius (C) English: Fahrenheit (F) Force Metric: Newton (N) English: slug (slug)

Big 7 - Chapter 1.5 – Scientific Notation What is it? Coefficient: Base: Exponent: Non Decimal Numbers Moving Decimals Adding and Subtracting Multiplying and Dividing 44

A convenient way to write very large or very small numbers What is it? Ex: 6,200,000 is written as 6.2x106 Ex:0.000,021 is written as 2.1x10-5

3.7 x 10 5 Coefficient: Base: Exponent: Note: Coefficient must always be between 1 and 10 Coefficient: Base: Exponent: 3.7 x 10 5

Identify the following parts of the number: 3.24 x 10 4 6.7 x 10 7 4.592 x 10 -3

Ex: 62 is the same as 62. Ex: 467 is the same as 467. Non-Decimal Numbers For a number without a decimal, place the decimal all the way to the right. Ex: 62 is the same as 62. Ex: 467 is the same as 467.

x 10 2 625. = 6.25x102 When you move the decimal: Moving Decimals - To the Left, exponent increases by 1 - To the right, exponent decreases by 1 Moving Decimals x 10 2 625. = 6.25x102 2 1

x 10 2 750. 670,000. x 10 5 x 10 -2 0.021

x 10 2 751.2 +2 = 7.512 x 104

x 10 2 751.2 +2 = 7.512 x 104

Adding and Subtracting Step 1: Convert both numbers to the same exponential value Step 2: Add the coefficient for addition or subtract the coefficient for subtraction Step 3: Move decimal to proper place

Multiplying and Dividing Step 1: Multiply or Divide your coefficients Step 2: Add exponents if multiplying or subtract exponents if dividing Step 3: Move decimal to proper place

Big 7 - Chapter 1.5 – Scientific Notation A convenient way to write very large or very small numbers What is it? Note: Coefficient must always be between 1 and 10 Coefficient: Base: Exponent: 3.7 x 10 5 Non Decimal Numbers For a number without a decimal, place the number all the way to the right Moving Decimals Exp. Increases by 1 if move decimal to left Exp. Decreases by 1 if move decimal to right Adding and Subtracting Make both numbers the same exponent Add or subtract the coefficient Move decimal to proper place Multiplying and Dividing a. Multiply or Divide coefficients Add or subtract exponents Move decimal to proper place 55

Big 7 - Chapter 1.6 – Graphs Why use Graphs? Bar Graph Pie Graph Line Graph Interpreting Line Graphs Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Why use Graphs? Graphs help us organize and view data in a way we can easily interpret

Bar Graph Best for comparing several types of data

Pie Graph Best for comparing percentages

Line Graph Best for displaying data change

After 3 minutes, we have a water temperature of 80 degrees Interpreting Line Graphs “After x title, we have y title” After 3 minutes, we have a water temperature of 80 degrees

“I control the amount of time of heating involved!” Something that is manipulated or changed; “What do I control?” Independent Variable “I control the amount of time of heating involved!”

I observe an increase in water temperature! Dependent Variable Changes based on the manipulation of the independent variable; “What do I observe?” I observe an increase in water temperature!

Big 7 - Chapter 1.6 – Graphs Why use Graphs? Graphs help us organize and view data in a way we can easily interpret Bar Graph Best for comparing several types of data Pie Graph Best for comparing percentages Line Graph Best for displaying data change Interpreting Line Graphs “After x title, we have y title” Ex: After 5 seconds, we have 10m/s Independent Variable Something that manipulated or changed; “What do I change?” Dependent Variable Changes based on the manipulation of the independent variable; “What do I observe?”