Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).

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Presentation transcript:

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Biography Austrian neurologist, medical doctor, psychologist; known for developing technique of psychoanalysis. Poor background; parents provided good education; studied at University of Vienna. Identified himself as Jewish but wasn’t religious. Married; six children; youngest (Anna) became psychoanalyst.

Major Ideas Theory of the unconscious: hidden mental processes affect our choices and actions (iceberg analogy). Pleasure principle: human beings are driven by two forces or instincts, Eros (life instinct) and Thanatos (death instinct); the desire for bodily pleasure is the strongest instinct.

Major Ideas (cont.) Theory of infantile sexuality: early childhood sexual (bodily pleasurable) experiences determine adult personality. 4 stages (oral, anal, genital, Oedipal); conflicts (with parents/society who act to regulate desires) at any of these stages leads to abnormal psychological development or mental illness.

Major Ideas (cont.) Theoretical model of the structure of mind: 3 parts (Id, Ego, Super-ego). Id: unconscious; instinctual sexual drives which require satisfaction. Super-ego: unconscious “conscience;” internalized socially-acquired control mechanisms. Ego: conscious self that regulates conflict between id and super-ego.

Major Ideas (cont.) Repression: defense mechanism by which ego attempts to resolve conflict between id and super-ego. Instinct that is perceived by super-ego to be wrong is repressed (pushed into unconscious mind); remains there; may cause dysfunction.

Psychoanalysis “Talking cure”; free association. Attempts to bring repressed instincts which have caused neuroses to consciousness; confront repressed instinct and release or purge it. Interpretation of dreams: correct analysis of dreams (as well as slips of tongue and free associations) can reveal nature of repression. Analyst is facilitator for self-understanding.