Thinking Questions: The Missouri Controversy Map: The U.S. in 1819 1) How many “free states” were there in 1819? 2) How many slave states were there in 1819? 3) Why would this have been considered important? 4) What was the solution to the Missouri Controversy? 5) What were the potential problems with this solution?

Class #2, week of February 4 United States History Class #2, week of February 4

Slavery and the Nullification Crisis

The Issue of Tariffs Tariff: A tax on imported goods A tariff raises revenue for the government, and also protects domestic industries by raising the price of goods imported from other countries

Tariffs were controversial because they benefitted Northern manufacturers at the expense of Southern planters: 1828: “Tariff of Abominations Import Duties: 33%  50% Raised the price of manufactured goods from foreign countries, allowing the new factories in the North to compete Foreign countries retaliated by placing tariffs on American goods; Southerners made most of their money by exporting cotton “Tariff of Abominations:” 1828 Tariff Act that increased the taxes on imported manufactured goods Some extremists in the South suggested that the South should leave the Union over this issue

The Nullification Doctrine 1799 – Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1828 – The South Carolina Exposition Written (anonymously) by John C. Calhoun, Vice President under Andrew Jackson Nullification Doctrine 1) State may choose to nullify (refuse to enforce) a federal law that is Unconstitutional 2) Federal government may respond by accepting non-enforcement, or enacting a Constitutional amendment 3) If an Amendment is enacted, the nullifying state may choose to accept it, or secede John C. Calhoun—Vice President under Andrew Jackson (1829 – 1833) Proposed the Doctrine of Nullification; that a state can reject (and refuse to enforce) a federal law that it felt was Unconstitutional

The Nullification Debate The Webster-Hayne Debate (January 1830)—Debate over Nullifcation on the floor of the Senate Daniel Webster (Mass.)—opposes nullification Daniel Hayne (SC)—supports nullification The Jefferson Dinner (April 1830)—Jackson and Calhoun’s dueling toasts Jackson: “To the Union. It MUST be preserved” Calhoun: “To the Union. Next to our liberty, the most dear.” The Jefferson Day Dinner (April 1830) The Webster-Hayne Debate (January 1830)

The Nullification Crisis Tariff of 1832 November 1832—South Carolina nullifies the 1832 Tariff

What should President Jackson do?

The Nullification Crisis: Jackson’s Response A) Jackson’s Proclamation—Nullification is absurd; Threatens military action against South Carolina B) The Force Act—Congress authorizes the President to use the military to enforce the 1832 Tariff

Henry Clay and Compromise

After 1833, the Doctrine of Nullification was dead What would the south do next time?