Introduction to A&P

Where did it all start? With questions!!! Injury Illness People simply began asking questions, seeking answers, thus setting the stage for modern medicine.

Scientific Method Formulating a hypothesis Testing Reject or Accept

Why was the study of the body needed? Disease? Technology? “City life”?

What is A&P anyway?

Defined Anatomy Physiology “a cutting up” -Structure Example: the liver is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen; has 2 lobes; connects to the gallbladder “relationship to nature” -functions Example: the liver serves as a filter that detoxifies blood, stores glycogen and fat-soluble vitamins, and synthesizes proteins including clotting factors and enzymes

Reflection journal Describe how Anatomy and Physiology are both new and old sciences?

Levels of Organization

Levels of Organization Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc. Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc. Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc. Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc. Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc. Tissue – simple squamous epithelium, adipose tissue, etc. Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc. Organism – the human

Chemical Level Atoms Small Invisible Spheres of Matter Building blocks More than 100 types Form cytoplasm (essential material of human life)

Organelle Level Chemical structures organized within larger units (cells) are called ORGANELLES Structures made of molecules organized Perform specific function “tiny organs” allow cells to live Cannot survive outside of cell nor cell survive without organelle

Cellular Level Most numerous Most important Must have chemical and organelle level 150lb human has 100,000,000,000,000

Cells Surrounded by a membrane Single nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm Includes numerous organelles required for specialized activity Specialized to perform unique functions Types?

Tissues A group of similar cells developed together from the same part of the embryo and specialized to perform as specific function Fabric of the body Surrounded by a “matrix” of materials

Tissue Types Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous Many sub-types

Organ Level Structure made up of several different kinds of tissues arranged together in order to perform a specific function If tissue is “fabric” then an organ is an item of “clothing” made up of different fabrics. Heart Example: muscle and specialized connective tissues give it shape, specialized epithelial tissues line the cavities, or chambers, and nervous tissues permit control of muscular contraction

System Level Most complex of the organizational units of the body 11 major systems compose the human body Might be combined “musculoskeletal” or remain separate “sensory nervous system” depending on professions

Organism Level Integrated and interactive structures Human body Reproduce itself Repair and replace worn or damaged parts Maintain homeostasis Maintain constant blood levels, chemical levels, and nutrients Protect against disease Eliminate waste Coordinate movement Interpret sound and images Recap