Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry Study of the compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

Bonding of Carbon Atoms Unique Bonding Why? Carbon has 4 valence electrons. Carbon can covalently bond with itself to form chains, rings and networks of various sizes and complexity

Bonding of Carbon Atoms Carbon bonds in a tetrahedral with a 109.5o angle between the bonds.

Bonding of Carbon Atoms Single Covalent Bond one pair of electrons are shared between carbon atoms

Bonding of Carbon Atoms Double Covalent Bond – two pairs of electrons are shared between carbon atoms Triple Covalent Bond – three pairs of electrons are shared between carbon atoms

Saturated Organic Compounds Saturated - compounds that contain only single carbon – carbon bonds (C-C) Saturated compounds contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms

Unsaturated Organic Compounds Unsaturated – compounds that contain double (C=C) or triple (C≡C) carbon – carbon bonds Unsaturated compounds DO NOT have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms

Regents Practice Which element has atoms that can form single, double, and triple covalent bonds with other atoms of the same element? hydrogen (2) oxygen (3) fluorine (4) carbon

Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons – organic compounds that contain ONLY carbon and hydrogen Types of Hydrocarbons Alkane Alkene Alkyne

Hydrocarbons: ALKANES Alkanes – saturated, contain only single carbon-carbon bonds between Basic formula for the alkane series is: C(n)H(2n+2) Boiling Point of alkanes increases with an increase in chain length. . . More Carbons, higher boiling point.

Hydrocarbons Methane – CH4 Ethane – C2H6 Propane – C3H8 Butane – C4H10 Pentane – C5H12

Hydrocarbons: ALKENES Alkenes – unsaturated contain at least one carbon – carbon double bond Basic formula of alkenes: C(n)H(2n) Alkenes are named by replacing the –ane alkane ending with the –ene alkene ending

Hydrocarbons: ALKYNES Alkynes – at least one carbon – carbon triple bond Basic formula of the alkyne series is: C(n)H(2n-2) Alkynes are named by replacing the –ane alkane ending with the –yne alkyne ending

Regents Practice Which hydrocarbon is saturated? (1) propene (2) ethyne (3) butene (4) heptane

Naming Organic Compounds meth- C eth- C-C prop- C-C-C but- C-C-C-C pent- C-C-C-C-C hex- C-C-C-C-C-C hep- C-C-C-C-C-C-C oct- C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C non- C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C dec- C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C

Let’s Name Them Table P gives the prefix used to name the first 10 hydrocarbons in an homologous series.

A structural formula show the way the atoms are arranged. Methane Ethane H H H H C H H C C H Each line represents a covalent bond - a shared pair of electrons.

A structural formula show the way the atoms are arranged. Propene H H H C C C H H H Ethyne H C C H The double bonds makes this hydrocarbon an alkene The triple bonds makes this hydrocarbon an alkyne

The empirical formula of a compound is CH2 Which molecular formula is correctly paired with a structural formula for this compound?

Let’s Draw

Let’s Draw

Let’s Draw