Chapter 1 Basic Word Structure Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Medical Terminology If you work in a medical setting you use medical words everyday. In addition you hear medical terms spoken by your doctors office, read about health issues and make daily decisions about your own health care and the health care of your family. Terms such as arthritis, electrocardiogram, hepatitis, and anemia describe conditions and tests that are familiar. Other medical words are complicated but as you work in this book you will begin to understand them even if you have never studied biology or science. Medical terms are like individual jigsaw puzzles. Once you divide the terms in to their component parts and learn the meaning of the individual parts , you can use that knowledge to understand many other new terms. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives Divide medical terms into their component parts Analyze, pronounce, and spell medical terms using common combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes Analyze words by dividing them into component parts. Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body. Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Important Word Parts Root: the essential meaning of the term Suffix: word ending Prefix: small part added to the beginning of the term Combining vowel: connects roots to suffixes and roots to other roots Combining form: the combination of the root and the combining vowel Combining vowel has no meaning of its own. It is used as a bridge and it makes pronunciation easier. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

General Rules Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and then across Drop the combining vowel before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not gastroitis Keep the combining vowel word roots: gastroenterology not gastrenterology When a term contains two or more roots related to parts of the body, what often determines which root is listed first? (anatomical position) Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Division Example: ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM means record of electricity in the heart ELECTR: root O: combining vowel CARDI: root GRAM: suffix Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Division (cont.) Example: SUB/GASTR/IC means pertaining to under the stomach SUB: prefix (under) GASTR: root (stomach) IC: suffix (pertaining to) Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms aden/o gland arthr/o joint bi/o life carcin/o cancer, cancerous cardi/o heart Ask students to give examples of combining forms and terms that employ them. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont.) cephal/o brain/head cerebr/o cerebrum, largest part of the brain cyst/o urinary bladder cyt/o cell derm/o skin Ask students to give examples of combining forms and terms that employ them. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont.) dermat/o skin electr/o electricity encephal/o brain enter/o intestines (often the small intestines) Ask students to give examples of combining forms and terms that employ them. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont.) erythr/o red gastr/o stomach gnos/o knowledge gynec/o woman, female hem/o blood Ask students to give examples of combining forms and terms that employ them. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont.) hemat/o blood hepat/o liver lapar/o abdomen leuk/o white nephr/o kidney Ask students to give examples of combining forms and terms that employ them. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont.) neur/o nerve onc/o tumor ophthalm/o eye oste/o bone path/o disease Ask students to give examples of combining forms and terms that employ them. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont.) psych/o mind ren/o kidney rhin/o nose sarc/o flesh thromb/o clotting Ask students to give examples of combining forms and terms that employ them. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes - al pertaining to - algia pain - cyte cell - ectomy cutting out; removal, excision Discuss the suffixes and examples of how they translate into medical terms. (p. 15 text) -al neural -algia arthralgia -cyte leukocyte -ectomy gastrectomy Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes (cont.) - emia blood condition - globin protein - gram record - ia condition - ic pertaining to Discuss the suffixes and examples of how they translate into medical terms. (p.15 text) -emia leukemia -globin hemoglobin -gram arthrogram -ia neuralgia -ic gastric Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes (cont.) - ism condition, process - itis inflammation - logist specialist in the study of - logy study of Discuss the suffixes and examples of how they translate into medical terms. (p.15 text) -ism hyperthyroidism -itis gastroenteritis -logist neurologist -logy nephrology Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes (cont.) - oma tumor, mass - opsy process of viewing - osis abnormal condition - scope instrument to visually examine Discuss the suffixes and examples of how they translate into medical terms. (p. 15- 17 text) -oma hepatoma -opsy biopsy -osis nephrosis -scope gastroscope Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes (cont.) - scopy process of visual examination - sis state of - tomy process of cutting into (incision) Discuss the suffixes and examples of how they translate into medical terms. (p. 17 text) -scopy laparoscopy -sis prognosis -tomy neurotomy Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Prefixes a-, an- no, not aut- self dia- complete, through dys- bad, painful, difficult, abnormal endo- within Discuss the examples of prefixes and how they translate into the following medical terms. (pp. 18–19 text) a-, an- anemia aut- autopsy dia- diagnosis dys- dysentery endo- endocrine glands Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Prefixes (cont.) exo- outside hyper- excessive, more than normal, too much hypo- below, less than normal, under peri- surrounding Discuss the examples of prefixes and how they translate into the following medical terms. (p. 19 text) exo- exocrine glands hyper- hyperglycemia hypo- hypoglycemia peri- pericardium Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Prefixes (cont.) pro- before, forward re- back retro- behind sub- below, under trans- across, through Discuss the examples of prefixes and how they translate into the following medical terms. (p. 20 text) pro- prostate gland re- resection retro- retrogastric sub- subhepatic trans- transurethral Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Medical Scramble Pertaining to the heart D A C C I R A Nerve pain U G A R E N L A I Deficiency of hemoglobin causes this condition I M E A N A Unscramble the letters to form medical terms from the clues. Use the underlined letters to complete the bonus term. 1. CARDIAC 2. NEURALGIA 3. ANEMIA Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Medical Scramble (cont.) Study of cells G L Y C O T O Y Infants are often born in this position…head first! P C L A H I E C Inflammation of a gland N I D I E A S T Unscramble the letters to form medical terms from the clues. Use the underlined letters to complete the bonus term. 4. CYTOLOGY 5. CEPHALIC 6. ADENITIS Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Medical Scramble (cont.) Bonus Term: Malignant diagnosis C R N M O A C I A Use the underlined letters from the previous terms to complete the bonus term. The bonus term is CARCINOMA. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.