Abnormal Psychology A.K.A. Psychological Disorders A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable.

What makes a Behavior a Psychological Disorder? Many definitions have been proposed, yet none are universally accepted ¨ Most definitions, however, share some common features… “The Four Ds” Deviance – Different, extreme, unusual Distress – Unpleasant & upsetting Dysfunction – Causes interference with life Danger – Poses risk of harm OBJECTIVE 1| Identify criteria for judging whether behavior is psychologically disordered.

DSM V Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders. DSM will classify disorders and describe the symptoms. DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible cures.

Two Major Classifications in the DSM Neurotic Disorders Psychotic Disorders Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally. Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions. John Wayne Gacy

Anxiety Disorders a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. the patient fears something awful will happen to them. They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.

Anxiety Disorders: Phobias A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread. Must be an irrational fear. Phobia List

Anxiety Disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) DSM-5 300.02 (F41.1) All of the below features must be present in order to make a proper diagnosis of GAD: Excessive anxiety and worry, occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, concerning a number of events; The individual finds it difficult to control the worry; The anxiety and worry are associated with at least three of the following six symptoms (only one item required in children): Restlessness, feeling keyed up or on edge. Being easily fatigued Difficulty concentrating Irritability Muscle tension Sleep disturbance The anxiety, worry or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning; The disturbance is not due to the physiological effects of a substance or medical condition; The disturbance is not better explained by another medical disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

Anxiety Disorders: Panic Disorder An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.

Anxiety Disorders: Obsessive-compulsive disorder Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action. Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing. In DSM V, is not considered an anxiety disorder but is listed on it’s own.

Trauma and Stressor related Disorders: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder a.k.a. PTSD Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event. Memories of the event cause anxiety.

Somatoform Disorders Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom. Two types……

Somatoform Disorders: Hypochondriasis Has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause. They usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more severe illnesses.

Somatoform Disorders: Conversion Disorder Report the existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason. Like blindness or paralysis.

Dissociative Disorders These disorders involve a disruption in the conscious process. Three types….

Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Amnesia A person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory. Retrograde Amnesia

Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Amnesia: Dissociative Fugue People with psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment.

Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Identity Disorder Used to be known as Multiple Personality Disorder. A person has several rather than one integrated personality. People with DID commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma.

Mood Disorders Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion.

Mood Disorders: Major Depression A.K.A. unipolar depression Unhappy for at least two weeks Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders.

Mood Disorders: Seasonal Affective Disorder Experience depression during the winter months. Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight. Treated with light therapy.

Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder Formally manic depression. Involves periods of depression and manic episodes. Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable). Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode.

Personality Disorders Well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function. Dominates their personality.

Antisocial Personality Disorder Lack of empathy. Little regard for other’s feelings. View the world as hostile and look out for themselves.

Dependent Personality Disorder Rely too much on the attention and help of others.

Histrionic Personality Disorder Needs to be the center of attention. Whether acting silly or dressing provocatively.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance. Thinking that you are the center of the universe.

Obsessive –Compulsive Personality Disorder concerned with orderliness, perfectionism, excessive attention to details, mental and interpersonal control, and a need for control over one's environment, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency. 

Borderline Personality Disorder Problems regulating their emotions and thoughts Impulsive and sometimes reckless behavior Unstable relationships

Schizophrenic Disorders About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia. Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disorganized thinking. Disturbed Perceptions Inappropriate Emotions and Actions

Disorganized Thinking The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs. Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information.

Delusions (false beliefs) Delusions of Persecution Delusions of Grandeur

Disturbed Perceptions hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

Inappropriate Emotions and Actions Laugh at inappropriate times. Flat Effect Senseless, compulsive acts. Catatonia- motionless Waxy Flexibility

Positive v. Negative Symptoms Absence of appropriate ones. Positive Symptoms Presence of inappropriate symptoms

Types of Schizophrenia Subtypes have been removed in DSM-V. Symptoms may still persist, but they are no longer categorized differently.

Disorganized Schizophrenia disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion. Clang associations "Imagine the worst Systematic, sympathetic Quite pathetic, apologetic, paramedic Your heart is prosthetic"

Paranoid Schizophrenia preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations. Somebody is out to get me!!!!

Catatonic Schizophrenia Flat effect Waxy Flexibility parrot like repeating of another’s speech and movements

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia Many and varied Symptoms.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders: 314 Neurodevelopmental Disorders: 314.01 Attention- Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder onset in early childhood Characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning Symptoms persist for at least 6 months

Neurodevelopmental Disorders: 314 Neurodevelopmental Disorders: 314.01 Attention- Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Inattention Does not pay close attention to details difficulty sustaining attention does not listen when spoken to directly does not follow instructions/finish schoolwork difficulty organizing tasks/activities avoids sustained mental effort loses important things easily distracted forgetful Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Fidgets/squirms leaves seat runs about/climbs difficulty playing quietly often ‘on the go’ talks excessively blurts out answers before questions completed difficulty waiting one’s turn interrupts or intrudes on others

Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Autism Spectrum Disorder impaired development in communication, interaction with others, and in behavior Wide range of symptoms 1 in 68 children qualify Levels of severity Autism is not caused by vaccines

Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Autism Spectrum Disorder Communication inability to follow normal back-and-forth conversation limited sharing of interests failure to start or continue interactions with others abnormal eye contact and body language, use or understanding of gestures lack of facial expression and nonverbal communication Behavioral Deficits repetitive patterns of behavior (movements, echoing the speech of others) Rigidity in routines Strong preoccupation with objects Over or under reactions to input from various senses.

Neurocognitive Disorders: Major Neurocognitive Disorder Evidence of significant cognitive decline (complex attention, executive function, learning, memory, language, perceptual-motor or social cognition)This evidence should consist of: Concern of the individual, a knowledgeable informant (such as a friend or family member), or the clinician substantial impairment in cognitive performance cognitive deficits interfere with independence in everyday activities cognitive deficits don’t occur exclusively in context of a delirium, and are not better explained by another mental disorder. Previously Dementia Cause must be specified

Other Disorders Paraphilias (pedophilia, zoophilia, hybristophilia) Fetishism sadist, masochist Eating Disorders Substance use disorders

Therapy It used to be that if someone exhibited abnormal behavior, they were institutionalized. Because of new drugs and better therapy, the U.S. went to a policy of deinstitutionalization.

Psychoanalytic Therapy Psychoanalysis (manifest and latent content through…. hypnosis free association, dream, interpretation). Unconscious Transference Other therapies will result in symptom substitution.

Humanistic Therapy Client-Centered Therapy by Carl Rogers These are non-directive therapies and use active listening. Self-actualization, free-will and unconditional positive regard. Gestalt Therapy by Fritz Perls encourage clients to get in touch with whole self.

Behavioral Therapies Counterconditioning Classical Conditioning Aversive Conditioning Systematic desensitization Flooding Operant Conditioning Token Economy

Cognitive Therapy Change the way we view the world (change our schemas) Aaron Beck Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Therapy

Somatic Therapies Psychopharmacology Antipsychotics (thorazine, haldol) Anti-anxiety (valium, barbiturates, Xanax) Mood Disorders (serotonin reuptake inhibitors) Bipolar (lithium)

Somatic Therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)- for depression. Psychosurgury Prefontal lobotomy

Group Therapy Self Help Groups Family Therapy Support group of people who have shared in similar experiences Family Therapy All members involved are included in the process