1. Abnormal Behavior Presented by Clinical Psychologist SADAF SAJJAD

2. What is Abnormal Behavior? Actions, thoughts, and feelings harmful to a person or others; experiencing discomfort enough to not function The abnormal behavior leads to psychological disorder a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be:  atypical--not enough in itself  disturbing--varies with time and culture  maladaptive--harmful  unjustifiable--sometimes there’s a good reason

3. What is Psychologically Abnormal? The Four D’s  Deviance  Distress  Dysfunction  Danger

4. Deviance ▫Deviance from or violation of a society’s ideas about proper function.  Norms- a society’s explicit and implicit rules for proper conduct.  Culture- a society’s shared rules that govern the behavior of its members, common history, values, beliefs, habits, skills, technology, and arts. ▫Includes a valuation aspect which varies from culture to culture

5. Distress ▫If behaviors cause the pain or discomfort (psychological or physical), then they are abnormal

6. Dysfunctional ▫Patterns of behavior which interfere with normal daily routines, such as one’s social, occupational, and emotional functioning causing significant distress ▫Inability/loss of ability to perform one’s normal roles.  Compare performance with requirements for a role  Compare performance with potential

7. Dangerous ▫Behavior that becomes dangerous to self or others. ▫Result from intense emotional states or may signal the presence of a psychological disorder

8. Definition of Abnormal Behavior Abnormal Behavior Emotional Distress Interferes with daily functioning Inconsistent with societal norms Inconsistent with cultural norms Inconsistent with developmental norms

9. Abnormal Behavior Video 1

10. Early Theories Abnormal behavior was evil spirits trying to get out. Trephining was often used.

11. Models of Abnormality Biological/Biomedical ▫Emphasizes biological processes Psychodynamic ▫Emphasizes unconscious emotional processes Cognitive ▫Emphasizes semi-conscious thinking processes Behavioral ▫Emphasizes learning processes

12. Biomedical Model Main assumptions: ▫Psychological disorders are illnesses or diseases affecting the nervous system ▫Abnormal behavior, thinking and emotion are caused by biological dysfunctions ▫Understanding mental illness involves understanding what went wrong with the brain

13. Biomedical Model Possible causes of abnormal behavior: ▫Biochemistry – an imbalance of certain neurotransmitters or hormones might cause parts of the brain to malfunction ▫Structural damage or abnormality – if the structure of the brain is damaged or improperly formed then thinking, emotion and behavior may change

14. Biomedical Model Factors that may affect NS functioning: ▫Genetics – inherited developmental abnormality ▫Toxicity – chemical poisoning from e.g. drugs or environmental toxins ▫Infection/disease – causing chemical or structural damage to the brain ▫Stress – causing abnormal hormonal effects in the long term

15. Behavioral Model Main assumptions: ▫Abnormal behavior is the consequence of abnormal learning from the environment ▫There is no qualitative difference between normal and abnormal behavior – they are learned in the same ways:  Classical conditioning  Operant conditioning  Social learning

16. Classical Conditioning Learning by association: ▫When two environmental changes (stimuli) occur together, we learn to associate them ▫The response to one may transfer to the other ▫E.g. Pavlov (1901) taught dogs to salivate when they heard a bell

17. Operant Conditioning Learning by consequences ▫Organisms operate on their environments ▫The likelihood of them repeating any given behavior depends on its consequences  Reinforcement – more likely to repeat  Punishment – less likely to repeat

18. Social Learning Theory Learning by observation ▫People observe the behavior of other people (models) ▫They may imitate the behavior they observe ▫Whether or not they do so depends on the observed consequences:  Vicarious reinforcement  Vicarious punishment

19. The Cognitive Model Thinking BehaviourEmotion Perception Information Behaviour CognitionReal World www.psychlotron.org.uk

20. The Cognitive Model Main assumptions: ▫Abnormal behavior is caused by abnormal thinking processes ▫We interact with the world through our mental representation of it ▫If our mental representations are inaccurate or our ways of reasoning are inadequate then our emotions and behavior may become disordered

21. The Cognitive Model Factors in abnormal behavior: ▫Inaccurate perception ▫Poor reasoning and problem solving Cognitive-emotion relationship assumed to be bi-directional, but cognitive processes given primacy Underlying reasons for faulty thinking are not considered especially important

22. The Psychodynamic Model Main assumptions: ▫Psychological disorders are caused by emotional problems in the unconscious mind ▫The causes of these emotional problems can usually be traced back to early childhood ▫The relationship between child and parents is a crucial determinant of mental health

23. The Unconscious Mind The conscious. The small amount of mental activity we know about. The preconscious. Things we could be aware of if we wanted or tried. The unconscious. Things we are unaware of and can not become aware of. Thoughts Perceptions Memories Stored knowledge Fears Unacceptable sexual desires Violent motives Irrational wishes Immoral urges Selfish needs Shameful experiences Traumatic experiences Bad Worse Really Bad

24. Perspectives and Disorders Psychological School/PerspectiveCause of the Disorder Psychoanalytic/PsychodynamicInternal, unconscious drives HumanisticFailure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings. BehavioralReinforcement history, the environment. CognitiveIrrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking. Socio-culturalDysfunctional Society Biomedical/NeuroscienceOrganic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions.

25. Classifying Psychological Disorders The American Psychiatric Association (APA) rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disorders.

26. Multiaxial Classification  Axis I: Clinical disorders  Axis II: Personality disorders and mental retardation  Axis III: General medical conditions  Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental problems  Axis V: Global assessment of functioning

27. Two Major Classifications in the DSM Neurotic Disorders Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally. Psychotic Disorders Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions.

28. Anxiety Disorders a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. The patient fears something awful will happen to them. They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.

29. Anxiety Video 2

30. Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia.

31. Panic Disorder An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.

32. Phobias A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread. Must be an irrational fear.

33. Obsessive-compulsive disorder Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action. Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing.

34. Obsessive-compulsive disorder Video 3

35. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event. Memories of the event cause anxiety.

36. Somatoform Disorders Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom. Two types……

37. Hypochondriasis Has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause. They usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more severe illnesses.

38. Conversion Disorder Report the existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason. Like blindness or paralysis.

39. Dissociative Disorders These disorders involve a disruption in the conscious process. Three types….

40. Psychogenic Amnesia A person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory. Retrograde Amnesia NOT organic amnesia. Organic amnesia can be retrograde or antro-grade.

41. Dissociative Fugue People with psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment.

42. Dissociative Identity Disorder Used to be known as Multiple Personality Disorder. A person has several rather than one integrated personality. People with DID commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma.

43. Mood Disorders Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion.

44. Major Depression Also called unipolar depression Unhappy for at least two weeks with no apparent cause. Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders.

45. Major Depression Video 4

46. Seasonal Affective Disorder Experience depression during the winter months. Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight. Treated with light therapy.

47. Bipolar Disorder Formally manic depression. Involves periods of depression and manic episodes. Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable). Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode.

48. Schizophrenic Disorders About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia. Symptoms of Schizophrenia 1.Disorganized thinking. 2.Disturbed Perceptions 3.Inappropriate Emotions and Actions

49. Disorganized Thinking The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs. Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information.

50. Disturbed Perceptions hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

51. Inappropriate Emotions and Actions Laugh at inappropriate times. Flat Effect Senseless, compulsive acts. Catatonia- motionless Waxy Flexibility

52. Schizophrenic Disorder Video 5

53. Types of Schizophrenia

54. Disorganized Schizophrenia disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion. Clang associations "Imagine the worst Systematic, sympathetic Quite pathetic, apologetic, paramedic Your heart is prosthetic"

55. Paranoid Schizophrenia preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations. Somebody is out to get me!!!!

56. Catatonic Schizophrenia Flat effect Waxy Flexibility parrot like repeating of another’s speech and movements

57. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia Many and varied Symptoms.

58. Other Disorders Paraphilias (pedophilia, zoophilia, hybristophilia) Fetishism sadist, masochist Eating Disorders Substance use disorders ADHD