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Abnormal Psychology A.K.A. Psychological Disorders

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Presentation on theme: "Abnormal Psychology A.K.A. Psychological Disorders"— Presentation transcript:

1 Abnormal Psychology A.K.A. Psychological Disorders
A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable.

2 What are the main factors that cause psychological disorders?
#1. STRESS #2. Genetic predisposition #3. Environmental factors (i.e. traumatic events or continuous loss)

3 Normal vs. Abnormal In order to arrive at a diagnosis of abnormality(ies), psychologists/psychiatrists must establish what is considered NORMAL behavior in the given society/culture. Cultures that are economically developed with fast-paced lifestyles tend to value diagnoses of abnormalities. What is considered abnormal in one culture (i.e. a person proclaiming to see dead people) is not necessarily viewed as such in another culture (i.e. this person has a gift from God/has a spiritual purpose). Use the BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL approach to determine abnormalities.

4 Early Theories of Abnormal Behavior
Abnormal behavior was evil spirits/demons trying to get out. Trephining was often used. Exorcism or casting out demons. Social ostracism.

5 Perspectives and Disorders
Psychological School/Perspective Cause of the Disorder Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Internal, unconscious drives Humanistic Failure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings. Behavioral Reinforcement history, the environment. Cognitive Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking. Sociocultural Dysfunctional Society Biomedical/Neuroscience Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions.

6 DSM IV – TR (text revision)
Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders. DSM will classify disorders and describe the symptoms. DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible cures.

7 DSM –IV-TR Axis I – Is a CLINICAL SYNDROME present? Axis II – Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present? Axis III – Is a General Medical Conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, or arthritis, also present? Axis IV – Are Psychosocial or Environment Problems, such as school or housing issues also present? Axis V – What is the Global Assessment of this person’s functioning?

8 Two Major Classifications in the DSM
Neurotic Disorders Psychotic Disorders Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally. Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions. John Wayne Gacy

9 Categories of Psychological Disorders
Anxiety Disorders Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenia Personality Disorders

10 Anxiety Disorders A group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. The patient fears something awful will happen to them. They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.

11 Phobias A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread.
Must be an irrational fear. Phobia List

12 Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia.

13 Panic Disorder An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.

14 Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action. Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing. (Watch ABC News 20/20’s Obssessive Compulsive Disorder)

15 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder a.k.a. PTSD
Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event. Memories of the even cause anxiety.

16 Practice FRQ Writing – Worth 8 points (Quiz Grade)
Explain how the following phenomena can affect behavior. Explain further how three of the five might play a role in perpetuating racial discrimination. Deindividuation Social loafing Social facilitation Obedience Cognitive dissonance

17 Somatoform Disorders Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom. Two types……

18 Hypochondriasis Has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause. They usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more severe illnesses.

19 Conversion Disorder Anxiety is converted into a physical problem.
Report the existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason. Like blindness, paralysis, or extreme pain. Physical ailment may suddenly or gradually improve or disappear without any explanation.

20 Dissociative Disorders
These disorders involve a disruption in the conscious process. Development of a sudden loss of memory or change in identity. Three types….

21 Psychogenic Amnesia A person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory.

22 Dissociative Fugue People with psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment.

23 Dissociative Identity Disorder
Used to be known as Multiple Personality Disorder. A person has several rather than one integrated personality. People with DID commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma. (Watch: “Sybil”)

24 Mood Disorders Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion.

25 Major/Clinical Depression
A.K.A. unipolar depression Sadness for 2 or more weeks that may or may not be explainable. Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders.

26 Seasonal Affective Disorder S.A.D.
Experience depression during the winter months. Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight. Treated with light therapy.

27 Bipolar Disorder AKA: Manic Depression.
Involves extreme periods of depression and manic episodes, with little or no “in between” moods. Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable). Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode.

28 Schizophrenic Disorders
About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia. Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disorganized thinking. Disturbed Perceptions Inappropriate Emotions and Actions

29 Disorganized Thinking
The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs. Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information.

30 Delusions (false beliefs)
Delusions of Persecution Delusions of Grandeur

31 Disturbed Perceptions
hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

32 Abnormal Emotions and Behaviors
Laugh at inappropriate times. Flat Effect Senseless, compulsive acts. Catatonia- motionless Waxy Flexibility

33 Schizophrenia: Positive v. Negative Symptoms
Positive Symptoms Presence of inappropriate symptoms Negative Symptoms Absence of appropriate ones.

34 Types of Schizophrenia

35 Disorganized Schizophrenia
disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion. Clang associations "Imagine the worst Systematic, sympathetic Quite pathetic, apologetic, paramedic Your heart is prosthetic"

36 Paranoid Schizophrenia
Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations. Somebody is out to get me!!!!

37 Catatonic Schizophrenia
Flat effect Waxy Flexibility Parrot-like repeating of another’s speech and movements

38 Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
Many and varied and combination of symptoms.

39 Personality Disorders
These are well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function. Dominates their personality.

40 Antisocial Personality Disorder
Lack of empathy. Little regard for other’s feelings. View the world as hostile and look out for themselves.

41 Dependent Personality Disorder
Rely excessively on the attention and help of others. Consistently insist on having a companion to go everywhere (i.e. public restroom, mall, party, on walks, etc.) Tendency to feel inadequate and vulnerable in situations where one must perform or fulfill a task individually. Require regular encouragement or assurance.

42 Histrionic Personality Disorder
Needs to be the center of attention. Whether acting silly or dressing provocatively. Tend to project failures on others, but willing to accept most/all of the credit for successes. “Drama-prone”

43 Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance. Self-centered

44 Obsessive –Compulsive Personality Disorder
Overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors. Not as extreme as OCD anxiety.

45 Sociopaths vs Psychopaths
See articles/video clips

46 Other Disorders Paraphilias (pedophilia, zoophilia, hybristophilia)
Fetishism Sadist, masochist Eating Disorders Anorexia/Bulimia Substance use disorders ADHD

47 The ROSENHAN STUDY Rosenhan’s associates were Malingering symptoms of hearing voices. They were ALL admitted for schizophrenia. None were exposed as imposters. They all left diagnosed with schizophrenia in remission. What are some of the questions raised by this study?

48 Therapy It used to be that if someone exhibited abnormal behavior, they were institutionalized. Because of new drugs and better therapy, the U.S. went to a policy of deinstitutionalization.

49 Psychoanalytic Therapy
Psychoanalysis (manifest and latent content through…. hypnosis free association, dream, interpretation). Unconscious Transference Other therapies will result in symptom substitution.

50 Humanistic Therapy Client-Centered Therapy by Carl Rogers
These are non-directive therapies and use active listening. Self-actualization, free-will and unconditional positive regard. Gestalt Therapy by Fritz Perls encourage clients to get in touch with whole self.

51 Behavioral Therapies: designed to alter behaviors using conditioning
Counter-conditioning Classical Conditioning Aversive Conditioning Systematic desensitization Flooding Operant Conditioning Token Economy

52 Cognitive Therapy Change the way we view the world (change our schemas) Help to change thought processing and consciously decide positive thinking over negative thinking Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Therapy

53 Somatic Therapies: Created to alter chemicals/hormones within the brain/body to regulate symptoms
Psychopharmacology Antipsychotics (thorazine, haldol) Anti-anxiety (valium, barbiturates, Xanax) Mood Disorders (serotonin reuptake inhibitors) Bipolar (lithium)

54 Somatic Therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)- for depression.
Psychosurgery – used only in extreme cases Prefontal lobotomy

55 Group Therapy Created to offered support and encouragement.
Acknowledges the process of mental and emotional healing at various levels. Patient – centered.


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