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Psychological Disorders

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1 Psychological Disorders
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 16 Psychological Disorders

2 Psychological Disorders
a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be: atypical--not enough in itself disturbing--varies with time and culture maladaptive--harmful unjustifiable--sometimes there’s a good reason

3 Historical Perspective
Perceived Causes movements of sun or moon lunacy--full moon evil spirits Ancient Treatments exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood

4 Psychological Disorders
Medical Model concept that diseases have physical causes can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital

5 Psychological Disorders
Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

6 Psychological Disorders

7 Psychological Disorders--Etiology
DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision)

8 Psychological Disorders- Etiology
Neurotic Disorder (term seldom used now) usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially Psychotic Disorder person loses contact with reality experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

9 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder
distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

10 Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorder
marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation

11 Anxiety Disorders Phobia Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

12 Anxiety Disorders Common and uncommon fears

13 Anxiety Disorders

14 Anxiety Disorders PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention

15 Mood Disorders Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder
characterized by emotional extremes Major Depressive Disorder a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

16 Mood Disorders Manic Episode Bipolar Disorder
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state Bipolar Disorder a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania formerly called manic-depressive disorder

17 Mood Disorders-Depression

18 Mood Disorders-Depression
Canadian depression rates

19 Mood Disorders- Suicide

20 Mood Disorders-Bipolar
PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switches Depressed state Manic state

21 Mood Disorders-Depression
Altering any one component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the others

22 Mood Disorders-Depression
The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point

23 Dissociative Disorders
conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings Dissociative Identity Disorder rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities formerly called multiple personality disorder

24 Schizophrenia Schizophrenia literal translation “split mind”
a group of severe disorders characterized by: disorganized and delusional thinking disturbed perceptions inappropriate emotions and actions

25 Schizophrenia Delusions Hallucinations
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders Hallucinations sensory experiences without sensory stimulation

26 Schizophrenia

27 Schizophrenia

28 Schizophrenia

29 Personality Disorders
disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

30 Personality Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder disorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

31 Mood Disorders-Depression
Boys who were later convicted of a crime showed relatively low arousal

32 Personality Disorders
PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex Normal Murderer

33 Personality Disorders

34 Rates of Psychological Disorders

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