2.3 In terms of political science what is a minority? How does being a minority impact ones political participation and efficacy? C) Why has the nation become more diverse since the 1950s. D) How have the nation’s politics become more inclusive. How are the still exclusive.

2.4 Name the 3 most significant events in the history of civil rights in the US. Briefly explain the significance of each.

Civil Rights and Minority Politics

I. Minorities In political terms a minority group is a group that lacks political power. (may or may not be a numerical minority) Did the 1787 Constitution apply to Blacks and Indians. -Evidence? 3/5 compromise, 20 year ban on abolition of slavery. Citizenship being left up to the states. Citizenship of free blacks was debatable. 14th Amendment Native Americans were still not considered citizens. 1884 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia. The Supreme Court still refused to recognize the citizenship of native Americans. Native Americans do not become citizens until 1924.

I. Minorities In political terms a minority group is a group that lacks political power. (may or may not be a numerical minority) Did the 1787 Constitution apply to Blacks and Indians. -Evidence? 3/5 compromise, 20 year ban on abolition of slavery. Citizenship being left up to the states. Citizenship of free blacks was debatable. 14th Amendment Native Americans were still not considered citizens. 1884 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia. The Supreme Court still refused to recognize the citizenship of native Americans. Native Americans do not become citizens until 1924. C. Dred Scott v. Sanford. Slaves are not citizens and not entitled to the protections in the Constitution.

D) The equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment provides the basis of the Civil Rights Movement. 1. Despite its passage many states continued to practice de jure and de facto segregation. 2. In Plessey v. Ferguson the Supreme Court ruled that Separate but equal was not a violation of the 14th Amendment.

II. African Americans The federal Courts were the most aggressive part of government supporting civil rights. (Example: Brown v. Board of Education) The executive branch often times hesitated to enforce those rulings. Because minority groups lacked access to the agenda setting process they had to create events to force the other branches to act. Examples: The Freedom Rides, Little Rock Nine, March on Selma etc... Why did the courts act first?

C) The federal Courts were the most aggressive part of government supporting civil rights. Examples: Brown v. Board of Education Why did the Courts act first? How did these ruling impact federalism?

D. Results of Movement Civil Rights Act of 1964- Ended discrimination in “public” facilities. Voting Rights Act of 1965- Created federal oversight of elections in states with a history of disenfranchisement. Civil Rights Act of 1968- made discriminatory practices in real estate illegal. * Shelby County V Holder (2013)- The Supreme Court voted in a 5-4 decision that the formula used to determine which precincts need federal oversight is out of date and can longer be used. There will be no more federal oversight unless Congress develops a new formula. Since the ruling several states have moved to adopt voter ID laws.

III. Women Seneca Falls Convention (1848) 1. Beginning of the fight for equality a. The Declaration of Sentiments and resolutions for women’s rights B. 19th Amendment (1920)- Enfranchised women.

B. In the 1960s the movement gained momentum. 1 B. In the 1960s the movement gained momentum. 1. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) received necessary 2/3 vote in Congress but failed to be ratified by 3/4 the states. 2. NOW (National Organization for Women) became a powerful interest group.

3) Equal pay act of 1963 required employers to pay men and women the same wage for doing the same job. 4) Lilly Ledbetter Act- Allows lawsuits to be filed against employers when discrimination occurred regardless of when the discrimination first happened.

IV. LGBT Stonewall Riots (1969) led the beginning of the pride movement/parade. Lawrence v. Texas (2003)- laws banning homosexual sex were a violation of the 14th Amendment. Obergefell v. Hodges- States cannot make same-sex marriage illegal.