The Enlightenment.

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Presentation transcript:

The Enlightenment

Causes & Characteristics Influence of Newton and Locke Newton – world machine Locke – Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) Tabula rasa Deism Cultural relativism

Causes & Characteristics The emergence of a secular worldview for the 1st time in human history Science and reason could explain all aspects of life Growing skepticism toward religion

The Philosophes & their Ideas

Who were the philosophes? Not all French, or philosophers Goals Role of salons

Baron de Montesquieu (1689 – 1755) French noble, hated absolutism of Louis XIV Criticized the Catholic church & French monarchy Spirit of the Laws (1748)

Voltaire (1694 – 1778) French philosopher and author Challenged Catholic theology Advocated “enlightened despotism” Impact

Denis Diderot (1713 – 1784) French writer and philospher Encyclopedia (1765) Attacked Christianity – “the most absurd and the most atrocious in its dogma”

David Hume (1711 – 1776) Scottish philosopher and writer Treatise on Human Nature Human reason cannot go farther than the senses

Economic Ideas Physiocrats Francois Quesnay (1694 – 1774) Land was the only form of wealth Laissez faire, not mercantilist policies, were best

Economic Ideas Adam Smith (1723 – 1790) Wealth of Nations (1776) Supply & demand No government regulation of economy Labor was the true source of wealth Foundation for economic liberalism & modern capitalism

Later Enlightenment Became more radical Baron Paul d’ Holbach (1723 – 1789) Marie-Jean de Condorcet (1743 – 1794)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778) Social Contract (1762) General will “All men are born free and everywhere they are in chains” Emile (1762) Novel that was a treatise on education Children should learn by doing

Women in the Enlightenment Emphasis on biological differences Mary Wollstonecraft (1759 – 1797) Vindication of Rights of Women (1792)

Classical Liberalism Belief in the individual and equality before the law “Natural rights” philosophy played a significant role in American & French Revolutions American and French founding documents reflect Enlightenment ideas

Christian Opposition German pietism Methodism Jansenism Need for conversion & spiritual experience Methodism John Wesley (1703 – 1791) Jansenism Catholic dissenters

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