Office International des Épizooties World Organisation for Animal Health created in 1924 in Paris

  World Organization  for Animal Health (OIE) Role in Preventing and Preparing for Bioterrorism Second Meeting of the Strategic Study on Bioterrorisim 16 June 2005 Dr. J.E. Pearson World Organization for Animal Health (Office International des Epizooties ) 12 Rue de Prony, Paris, France (http:www.oie.int)

167 Member Countries (May 2005) Americas: 29 – Africa: 50 – Europe: 49 – Middle East: 13 – Asia: 26

Regional Representations INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE Administrative Commission Specialist Commissions Code, Laboratories, Aquatic Animals, Scientific Regional Commissions Africa, Americas, Europe, Asia- Far East and Oceania, Middle East Central Bureau Director General Collaborating Centres Reference Laboratories Ad hoc Groups Working Groups Administrative and Financial Department Animal Health Information Department International Trade Department Scientific and Technical Department Regional Activities Department Publications Department Regional Representations

OIE’s Mission To promote transparency in the animal health situation throughout the world To promote the safety of world trade in animals and animal products To improve the legal framework and resources of national Veterinary Services To collect, analyse and disseminate veterinary information To strengthen international coordination and cooperation in the control of animal diseases

International Relationships Institutional cooperation: World Health Organization (WHO) Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) World Trade Organization (WTO) Codex Alimentarius International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) World Bank Technical and scientific cooperation with more than 20 regional organisations and international professional associations

Consequences of Bio-Terrorism/Agro-Terrorism Severe economic impact on the livestock industry Disruption of food supply Disruption of trade Human diseases (zoonoses)

Impact of Disease Outbreaks Newcastle, US, 2003: $56 million spent by USDA, 12 million birds killed Foot and mouth disease, UK 2001: $12 billion FMD, Taiwan 1997: $15 billion Classical Swine Fever, The Netherlands 1997: $2 billion

Agro-Terrorism History 801: Prince of Benevent’s forces spread white powder on farms, causing disease in cattle World War I: Germany infected cattle/horses in Argentina, France, Norway, Romania, Spain, and USA with anthrax and glanders 1978-1980: Rhodesia Security Forces infected cattle with anthrax 1997: Russians used glanders against horses in Afghanistan

The OIE plays a critical role in the prevention, early detection, reporting, and control of animal diseases. The OIE uses a similar approach for natural, accidental or deliberate introduction.

OIE’s Role in: Detection and Reporting Bio-Terrorism/Agro-Terrorism (a Bio-Event) Combating Bio- Terrorism/Agro-Terrorism

Detection and Reporting of Bio-Terrorism/Agro-Terrorism OIE information system promotes transparency of global animal disease status in order to minimize disease spread Member Countries provide early warning, weekly, and monthly reports and year end summaries to the OIE Reports are provided to all interested parties: www.oie.int

Within 24 Hours, the Following will be Reported to the OIE: First occurrence or re–occurrence of a disease listed by the OIE in a disease free country or zone Changes in the epidemiology of a disease i.e. host range, pathogenicity, new strain, zoonotic impact A sudden and unexpected increase in morbidity or mortality caused by an existing disease An emerging disease with significant morbidity/mortality or zoonotic potential

Source of Early Warning Disease Reports Reports from Member Countries Reports from OIE Reference Laboratories with Member Country verification Active search of unofficial sources, such as scientific publications and ProMed, and lay publications, with Member Country verification Improved Member Country surveillance is encouraged and supported by FAO and OIE

Detection and Reporting of Bio-Terrorism/Agro-Terrorism OIE supports building laboratory capacity and harmonization of diagnostic testing and vaccination through use of: Standard methods –OIE diagnostic Manuals for terrestrial and aquatic animal diseases International Reference Sera Quality assurance guidelines Reference Laboratories / Collaborating Centres

Detection and Reporting of Bio-Terrorism/Agro-Terrorism OIE Reference Laboratories: 154 Laboratories, in 31 countries with 150 world renowned experts Provide a source of expertise and standard reagents Provide services not available in National laboratories such as “fingerprinting” of isolates to determine source

Detection and Reporting of Bio-Terrorism/Agro-Terrorism OIE Collaborating Centres OIE Collaborating Centers provide reference assistance and capacity building on animal health issues such as diagnostic testing, surveillance , epidemiology, risk analysis, training of animal health officials, etc. There are 15 Collaborating Centres in 9 countries

OIE’s Role in Combating Bio-Terrorism/Agro-Terrorism OIE’s preparation for and response to a bio-event by: Establishing animal health Standards to prevent, control and eradicate disease Supporting development of animal health infrastructure Maintaining emergency response capability

Combating Bio-Terrorism/Agro-Terrorism International Trade and National Animal Health Regulations: The OIE was identified by the World Trade Organization (WTO) as the competent international organisation for developing international Standards, Guidelines and Recommendations related to animal diseases and zoonoses Standards are approved by Member Countries and published in OIE Aquatic and Terrestrial Animal Health Codes and Diagnostic Manuals

Combating Bio-Terrorism/Agro-Terrorism OIE animal health Standards provide: The basis for prevention, control and eradication of disease incursion Requirements for disease reporting and surveillance Definition of disease-free country or zone and procedures for gaining or regaining free status For free movement of animals and animal products between free countries/zones

Combating Bio-Terrorism/Agro-Terrorism OIE animal health Standards provide procedures for: Restrictions on movement of animals and animal products from infected countries or zones Safe importation of animals and animal products from an infected country or zone Use of vaccine to control disease International transfer and laboratory containment of animal pathogens

Combating Bio-Terrorism/Agro-Terrorism Capacity building, OIE assists in the development of: Veterinary Services infrastructure Disease awareness (veterinarians and farmers) Risk analysis capability Disease surveillance capability Laboratory capability Disease control methods

Combating Bio-Terrorism/Agro-Terrorism Collaborating Centres provide capacity building in such areas as: Epidemiology Risk Assessment Surveillance programs Training of animal health officials

Summary Example: OIE’s Role in Prevention and Control of Pan Asian FMD

Example: Prevention and Control of Pan Asian FMD

Example: Prevention and Control of Pan Asian FMD Successful detection, reporting and eradication using OIE Standards: 2000 Korea and Japan 2001-2002 South Africa, introduction was probably by contaminated garbage 2001 United Kingdom with spread to Republic of Ireland, The Netherlands and France After 2001 outbreaks OIE Standards were changed to support better methods to prevent and control disease

Conclusions and Recommandations The recent episodes of emerging and re-emerging animal and human diseases have emphasised the important role of the OIE’s world-wide disease information system, especially its Early Warning system. The disruption to trade caused by such diseases, whether occurring naturally, accidentally or deliberately, and the resulting social, economic, food security and food safety implications that may occur in one location, can have a serious impact on global trade and thus affect all countries.

Conclusions and Recommendations (contd) The OIE disease surveillance and animal health Standards and programmes help protect Member Countries against the threat of a bioterrorist incident and minimize the effect of an incident Member Countries should comply with OIE Guidelines, Standards and Recommendations relating to detection, reporting and control of diseases of domestic livestock and wild animals

World Organisation for Animal Health 12 rue de Prony 75017 Paris, France Tel: 33 (0)1 44 15 18 88 Fax: 33 (0)1 42 67 09 87 Email: oie@oie.int http://www.oie.int