BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES decomposers bacteria and fungi soil minerals and humus producers green algae water and salts consumers animals decay die eaten Matter within ecosystems is recycled. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Matter within an ecosystem is recycled. (diagram of consumer--->decomposer--->soil--->producer--->consumer)

All Cycles Are Related All cycles are related. Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorusin Plants and Organisms N2 Fossil Fuel Combustion H2O CO2 SO2, NO2 Phyto- plankton Zoo- plankton Ocean Sediments Nutrient Recycling Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria Nitrates, Sulfates, Phosphates Phosphate Nitrite, Dead Organic Mattrer & Decomposers Urea Runoff Respiration Decomposition Transpiration All cycles are related. Diagram showing interaction of water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus cycles. Just view that many things are being recycled. (Do not teach the cycles from this slide at this time. Repeated at end of slide show for review.)

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Water, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen are some of the elements that cycle between the abiotic (nonliving) and biotic (living) parts of the environment. biotic abiotic BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen & other elements cycle from the abiotic (“geo” nonliving environment) to biotic (“bio” living organisms) & then back to the environment.

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Water, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen move through a regularly repeated sequence of events. Define a cycle. H2O C N O BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen & other elements move through a regularly repeated sequence of events. Define a cycle. A cycle is a repeated sequence of events.

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES atmosphere “bank” Most element cycles have an atmospheric “bank” where the element is found in large amounts. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES (This slide series points out the repeated events in most cycles.) Most element cycles have an atmospheric “bank” where the element is found in large amounts. The soil and the ocean are additional major banks for some elements.

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES atmosphere “bank” Elements move from the “bank” into organisms. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Elements move from the “bank” into organisms.

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Organisms release elements in daily activities or after death. Give an example of an activity that releases elements. RIP atmosphere “bank” BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Organisms release elements in daily activities or after death. Give an example of an activity that releases elements. Examples vary - make sure respiration is one of them, others photosynthesis, transpiration, perspiring, excretion, digestion

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Three example of cycles: Water Carbon (carbon-oxygen) Nitrogen H2O C N O BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Three example cycles: Water Carbon (carbon-oxygen) Nitrogen

WATER CYCLE Use the next diagram to help you define the following: evaporation condensation precipitation transpiration runoff accumulation (Have the students make a heading for Water Cycle and copy the words with space for) definition. WATER CYCLE Use the next diagram to help you define the following: evaporation condensation precipitation transpiration runoff accumulation

water cycle diagram Condendation (clouds form) Condensation Transpiration Precipitation Evaporation Accumulation Run-off PRECIPITATION - water vapor (gas) changing into a liquid or solid such as rain, hail, sleet or snow CONDENSATION - water vapor (gas) changing to a tiny drops of water (liquid) that form clouds or rain water cycle diagram #1 Discuss the events and have the students write a brief description. RUN-OFF - water moving across the Earth’s surface (stream, river, gully) TRANSPIRATION - water loss from plants when water vapor goes out through stomates (little openings) in leaves ACCUMULATION - water gathering into an area (pond, lake, stream or ocean) EVAPORATION - water changing from a liquid into a gas (water vapor)

WATER CYCLE Label your diagram of the water cycle. WATER CYCLE

biotic abiotic WATER CYCLE Abiotic parts of the water cycle include condensation, evaporation & precipitation. WATER CYCLE Nonliving portions of the water cycle include condensation, evaporation & precipitation.

biotic abiotic WATER CYCLE Living portions of the water cycle include plants performing transpiration and water intake by all organisms. WATER CYCLE Living portions of the water cycle include plants performing transpiration and water intake by all organisms.

WATER CYCLE Water vapor exits plant leaves during transpiration through tiny openings called stomata. WATER CYCLE Water vapor exits plant leaves during transpiration through tiny openings called stomata.

water cycle diagram animated Review the cycle, using questioning to engage the students.

CARBON CYCLE Why is the Carbon Cycle often called the Carbon-Oxygen Cycle? respiration photosynthesis O2 CO2 CARBON CYCLE Why is the Carbon Cycle often called the Carbon-Oxygen Cycle? The carbon and oxygen are closely related in the formation of carbon dioxide which the way carbon is “banked” in the atmosphere. It is also sometimes called the carbon dioxide cycle.

CARBON CYCLE Like other element cycles, the carbon cycle links abiotic & biotic parts of the environment. biotic abiotic CARBON CYCLE Like other element cycles, the carbon cycle links nonliving & living parts of the environment.

CARBON CYCLE The exchange of gases during photosynthesis and respiration is a major example of the biotic (organisms) and abiotic (atmosphere) cycle of carbon-oxygen. CARBON CYCLE The exchange of gases during photosynthesis and respiration is a major example of the living-nonliving cycle of carbon-oxygen. respiration photosynthesis O2 CO2

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 CARBON CYCLE How does carbon enter the living part of the cycle? Using the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS, plants use CO2 to make food CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CARBON CYCLE How does carbon enter the living part of the cycle? CO2 + H2O ----> C6H12O6 + O2 Carbon enters living portion of the carbon cycle through photosynthesis. CO2 CO2 CO2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2

CARBON CYCLE Carbon is returned to the atmosphere cellular respiration erosion combustion decomposition CARBON CYCLE Carbon returned to environment by: cellular respiration erosion combustion decomposition

CARBON CYCLE Use the next diagram to help you define the relationship of the following terms to the carbon cycle. respiration photosynthesis decomposition combustion erosion CARBON CYCLE Use the next diagram to help you define relationship of the following terms to the carbon cycle. respiration - CO2 is released back into the atmosphere when food (glucose) is broken down during respiration photosynthesis - CO2 is taken from the air and trapped into food (glucose) during photosynthesis decomposition - CO2 is released back into the atmosphere as organic matter is broken down during decomposition combustion - CO2 is released back into the atmosphere when organic material is burned (undergoes oxidation, similar to respiration ) erosion – CO2 is released back into the atmosphere when erosion breaks down rock such as limestone containing CaCO3 (calcium carbonate)

CARBON CYCLE CO2 in Atmosphere assimilation by plants combustion “BANKS” – CO2 in atmosphere and trapped underground in fossil fuels animal respiration decomposition plant respiration photosynthesis by algae soil erosion RESPIRATION - CO2 is released back into the atmosphere when food (glucose) is broken down during respiration PHOTOSYNTHESIS - Plants use carbon dioxide to make food respiration by algae and aquatic animals CARBON CYCLE Discuss terms and what is happening at each directional arrow. (Have students note which arrow captures and which arrow releases carbon.) litter EROSION - CO2 is released back into the atmosphere when erosion breaks down certain rock COMBUSTION - CO2 is released back into the atmosphere when organic material is burned fossil fuels coal, gas, petroleum oceans, lakes limestone decomposition DECOMPOSITION - CO2 is released back into the atmosphere as organic matter is broken down

N2 free nitrogen NITROGEN CYCLE 79% of the atmosphere is nitrogen gas but it is in a form most living things cannot use. N2 free nitrogen NITROGEN CYCLE 79% of the atmosphere is nitrogen gas but it is in a form most living things cannot use.

NITROGEN CYCLE If we can’t take in free nitrogen, how do organisms acquire it so it can be used? Why do living things need nitrogen? NITROGEN CYCLE If we can’t take in free nitrogen, how do we acquire it so we can use it in our bodies? Why do we need nitrogen in our bodies? (Don’t answer these now – they lead to next item.)

NITROGEN CYCLE How does Nitrogen move from the abiotic part (atmosphere) into the biotic part (organisms) of the environment? Step #1-Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen into nitrates. Step #2-Plants absorb nitrates. Step #3-Animals eat plants. NITROGEN CYCLE How do we acquire usable nitrogen? Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen into nitrates. Plants absorb nitrates. Animals eat plants. N2 in air nitrogen-fixing bacteria NITRATES Step #1 Step # 2 Step #3

NITROGEN CYCLE How does the nitrogen return to the abiotic (atmosphere) part of the environment? Step #4-Denitrifying bacteria convert the nitrates back into nitrogen. denitrifying bacteria Step #4 NITROGEN CYCLE How does the nitrogen return to the atmosphere? Denitrifying bacteria convert the nitrates back into nitrogen. N2 in air nitrogen-fixing bacteria NITRATES

? NITROGEN CYCLE Why do we need nitrogen? protein DNA Nitrogen Nitrogen is an essential element for all proteins (amino acids) and nucleic acids. DNA ? Nitrogen

NITROGEN CYCLE Can plants & animals use free nitrogen (N2)? In what form must N2 be to be used by plants? What organisms can turn the N2 into a usable form? nitrates NITROGEN CYCLE Can plants & animals use free nitrogen? plants & animals cannot use free nitrogen in the atmosphere In what form must N2 be to be used by plants? nitrates What organisms can fix the N2 into a usable form? nitrogen-fixing bacteria nitrogen-fixing bacteria

NITROGEN CYCLE Simplified Use the next diagram to help you define the relationship of the following terms to the nitrogen cycle. free N2 bank nitrogen fixation nitrates organisms organic material denitrification NITROGEN CYCLE Simplified Use the next diagram to help you define relationship of the following terms to the nitrogen cycle free N2 “bank”: Free means pure nitrogen not in any other compound. The “bank” is the atmosphere which is made up of 79% nitrogen. nitrogen-fixation: nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert free nitrogen into nitrate compounds nitrates: the form of nitrogen that can can be used by organisms organisms: Plants take in nitrates and use them in their tissues; animals eat the plants and get the nitrates from their tissues organic material: Dead organisms, animal waste and organic litter are decomposed by bacteria and other decomposers denitrification: Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates from decomposition back into free nitrogen.

NITROGEN CYCLE Simplified DENITRIFICATION - Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates from decomposition back into free nitrogen. Free N2 in Atmosphere FREE N2 “BANK” - Pure nitrogen “banked” in the atmosphere which is made up of 79% nitrogen. ORGANIC MATERIAL - Dead organisms, animal waste and organic litter are decomposed by bacteria and other decomposers denitrifying bacteria nitrogen-fixing bacteria NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA - nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert free nitrogen into nitrate compounds ORGANISMS - Plants take in nitrates and use them in their tissues; animals eat the plants and get the nitrates from plant tissues NITROGEN CYCLE SIMPLIFIED diagram of nitrogen cycle Discuss the diagram and have student label the diagram on their handout. RIP Organic material organisms NITRATES NITRATES - the form of nitrogen that can be used by organisms

NITROGEN CYCLE gaseous losses (N2, NOx) lightning fixes N2 into nitrogen-fixing bacteria nitrates organic matter denitrifying gaseous losses (N2, NOx) lightning fixes N2 into NITROGEN CYCLE diagram of nitrogen cycle Review the events in the nitrogen cycle.

Reviewing the Cycles WATER CYCLE evaporation condensation precipitation transpiration Reviewing the Cycles WATER CYCLE evaporation condensation precipitation transpiration

Reviewing the Cycles CARBON CYCLE photosynthesis-respiration combustion erosion decomposition RIP atmosphere “bank” Reviewing the Cycles CARBON CYCLE photosynthesis-respiration combustion erosion decomposition

Reviewing the Cycles NITROGEN CYCLE nitrogen-fixing bacteria nitrates decomposition denitrification Free N2 in Atmosphere nitrogen-fixing bacteria NITRATES RIP Organic material denitrifying Reviewing the Cycles NITROGEN CYCLE nitrates nitrogen-fixing bacteria denitrification decomposition

Cycle Interrelationships Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorusin Plants and Organisms N2 Fossil Fuel Combustion H2O CO2 SO2, NO2 Phyto- plankton Zoo- plankton Ocean Sediments Nutrient Recycling Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria Nitrates, Sulfates, Phosphates Phosphate Nitrite, Dead Organic Mattrer & Decomposers Urea Runoff Respiration Decomposition Transpiration Cycle Interrelationships Point put parts of each cycle and have students identify the event and cycle(s)