1. Teacher Notes l Go through the slide show beforehand in notes view as well as regular slide-show. The notes help with additional information & discussion. There is a teacher notes Word document. l Red arrow help point out important information for note taking. l You can print a 6-slides-per-page or 3-slides-per- page handout and make your own notes from the slide presentation. l You may want to print the notes pages of the slides. (There is a Word doc of all the notes.) l There is a notes handout for TEKS Biology and a diagram handout for regular and Honors. l This PPT was revised June 6, 2006.

2. Energy Flow & Cycles Element Cycles

3. TAKING NOTES Hints on taking notes from this PowerPoint: Listen carefully to the teacher discussion. Not everything shown is to be taken as notes. Look for the “take notes” symbol.

4. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Matter within ecosystems is recycled. decomposers bacteria and fungi soil minerals and humus producers green algae water and salts consumers animals decay dieeaten die

5. All Cycles Are Related Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorusin Plants and Organisms N2N2 Fossil Fuel Combustion H2OH2O CO 2 SO 2, NO 2 Phyto- plankton Zoo- plankton Ocean Sediments Nutrient Recycling Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria Nitrates, Sulfates, Phosphates Phosphate Nitrite, Dead Organic Mattrer & Decomposers H2OH2O Urea Runoff Respiration Decomposition Transpiration

6. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES l Water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen & other elements cycle from the abiotic (“geo” nonliving environment) to biotic (“bio” living organisms) & then back to the environment. biotic abiotic

7. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES l Water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen & other elements move through a regularly repeated sequence of events. l Define a cycle. H2OH2O C N O

8. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES l Most element cycles have an atmospheric “bank” where the element is found in large amounts. atmospher e “bank”

9. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES l Elements move from the “bank” into organisms. atmospher e “bank”

10. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES l Organisms release elements in daily activities or after death. l Give an example of an activity that releases elements. RIP atmospher e “bank”

11. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES l Decomposers (or combustion or erosion) break down organic matter. l What is a result of their actions? RIP atmospher e “bank”

12. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES l Three example cycles: – Water – Carbon (carbon-oxygen) – Nitrogen H2OH2O C N O

13. WATER CYCLE l Use the next diagram to help you define the following: – evaporation – condensation – precipitation – transpiration – runoff – accumulation

14. Condendation (clouds form) Condensation Transpiration Precipitation Evaporation Accumulation Run-off water cycle diagram EVAPORATION - water changing from a liquid into a gas (water vapor) CONDENSATION - water vapor (gas) changing to a tiny drops of water (liquid) that form clouds or rain PRECIPITATION - water vapor (gas) changing into a liquid or solid such as rain, hail, sleet or snow TRANSPIRATION - water loss from plants when water vapor goes out through stomates (little openings) in leaves RUN-OFF - water moving across the Earth’s surface (stream, river, gully) ACCUMULATION - water gathering into an area (pond, lake, stream or ocean)

16. WATER CYCLE l Label your diagram of the water cycle.

17. WATER CYCLE l Nonliving portions of the water cycle include condensation, evaporation & precipitation. biotic abiotic

18. WATER CYCLE l Living portions of the water cycle include plants performing transpiration and water intake by all organisms. biotic abiotic

19. WATER CYCLE l Water vapor exits plant leaves during transpiration through tiny openings called stomata.

20. WATER CYCLE l Water loss from plant leaves during transpiration is caused in part by the sun’s heat energy in a process similar to the way we lose water when we perspire.

21. WATER CYCLE l Water loss from plant leaves during transpiration is caused in part by the sun’s heat energy in a process similar to the way we lose water when we perspire.

22. WATER CYCLE l Water loss from plant leaves during transpiration is caused in part by the sun’s heat energy in a process similar to the way we lose water when we perspire.

23. WATER CYCLE l Water loss from plant leaves during transpiration is caused in part by the sun’s heat energy in a process similar to the way we lose water when we perspire.

24. WATER CYCLE l Water loss from plant leaves during transpiration is caused in part by the sun’s heat energy in a process similar to the way we lose water when we perspire.

25. WATER CYCLE l Why are water cycles said to be driven by the sun? HEAT

26. WATER CYCLE l Why are water cycles said to be driven by the sun?

27. WATER CYCLE l If water cycles are driven by the sun’s heat energy, what effect would global warming have on the cycle?

28. water cycle diagram animated

29. CARBON CYCLE l Why is the Carbon Cycle often called the Carbon-Oxygen Cycle? respiration photosynthesis O2O2 CO 2

30. CARBON CYCLE l Like other element cycles, the carbon cycle links nonliving & living parts of the environment. biotic abiotic

31. CARBON CYCLE l The exchange of gases during photosynthesis and respiration is a major example of the living- nonliving cycle of carbon-oxygen. respiration photosynthesis O2O2 CO 2

32. CARBON CYCLE l How does carbon enter the living part of the cycle? CO 2 + H 2 O ----> C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 Using the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS, plants use CO2 to make food

33. CARBON CYCLE l Carbon is returned to the atmosphere environment by: – cellular respiration – erosion – combustion – decomposition

34. CARBON CYCLE l Use the next diagram to help you define the relationship of the following terms to the carbon cycle. – respiration – photosynthesis – decomposition – combustion – erosion

35. CARBON CYCLE limestone combustion soil erosion animal respiration plant respiration assimilation by plants photosynthesis by algae respiration by algae and aquatic animals litter fossil fuels coal, gas, petroleum CO2 in Atmosphere decomposition oceans, lakes RESPIRATION - CO2 is released back into the atmosphere when food (glucose) is broken down during respiration PHOTOSYNTHESIS - Plants use carbon dioxide to make food DECOMPOSITION - CO 2 is released back into the atmosphere as organic matter is broken down COMBUSTION - CO2 is released back into the atmosphere when organic material is burned EROSION - CO2 is released back into the atmosphere when erosion breaks down certain rock decomposition “BANKS” – CO2 in atmosphere and trapped underground in fossil fuels

36. carbon cycle animated l Write a descriptive summary of the events shown. WHITE DOTS - carbon dioxide released from combustion (forest fire, burning fossil fuels) or respiration (soil and plant & animal BLUE DOTS - water, note how they collide with the white dots to represent photosynthesis GREEN DOTS - carbon trapped in glucose from photosynthesis - note how green dots move through organisms then flash red to represent respiration RED DOTS - represents respiration or combustion - note the red flash of green dots into white dots at soil respiration and animal & plant respiration - and the red flash into white at forest fire & burning of fossil fuels

37. NITROGEN CYCLE l 79% of the atmosphere is nitrogen gas but it is in a form most living things cannot use. N2 free nitrogen

38. NITROGEN CYCLE l If we can’t take in free nitrogen, how do we acquire it so we can use it in our bodies? l Why do we need nitrogen in our bodies?

39. NITROGEN CYCLE l How do we acquire usable nitrogen? l Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen into nitrates. l Plants absorb nitrates. l Animals eat plants. N 2 in air nitrogen-fixing bacteria NITRATES

40. NITROGEN CYCLE l How does the nitrogen return to the atmosphere? l Denitrifying bacteria convert the nitrates back into nitrogen. N 2 in air nitrogen-fixing bacteria NITRATES denitrifying bacteria

41. NITROGEN CYCLE l Why do we need nitrogen? Nitrogen protein ?

42. NITROGEN CYCLE l Can plants & animals use free nitrogen? l In what form must N 2 be to be used by plants? l What organisms can fix the N 2 into a usable form? N2 free nitrogen nitrates nitrogen-fixing bacteria

43. NITROGEN CYCLE Simplified l Use the next diagram to help you define the relationship of the following terms to the nitrogen cycle. – free N 2 bank – nitrogen fixation – nitrates – organisms – organic material – denitrification

44. organisms NITROGEN CYCLE Simplified Free N 2 in Atmosphere nitrogen-fixing bacteria NITRATES denitrifying bacteria RIP Organic material FREE N 2 “BANK” - Pure nitrogen “banked” in the atmosphere which is made up of 79% nitrogen. NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA - nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert free nitrogen into nitrate compounds NITRATES - the form of nitrogen that can be used by organisms ORGANISMS - Plants take in nitrates and use them in their tissues; animals eat the plants and get the nitrates from plant tissues ORGANIC MATERIAL - Dead organisms, animal waste and organic litter are decomposed by bacteria and other decomposers DENITRIFICATION - Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates from decomposition back into free nitrogen.

45. NITROGEN CYCLE nitrogen-fixing bacteria nitrates organic matter denitrifying bacteria gaseous losses (N 2, NO x ) lightning fixes N 2 into nitrates

46. NITROGEN CYCLE l Nitrogen Cycle Animation l http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcseb itesize/biology/ecology/nitrogencycl erev1.shtml (scroll down to view) http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcseb itesize/biology/ecology/nitrogencycl erev1.shtml l http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcseb itesize/flash/bi01013.swf (same graphic but alone on a page) http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcseb itesize/flash/bi01013.swf

47. Nitrogen Cycle l Find the brown dots entering plants and animals. l In what form is the nitrogen? l What main organisms “fix” the N for use? (N-fixing bacteria)

48. Reviewing the Cycles l WATER CYCLE – evaporation – condensation – precipitation – transpiration

49. Reviewing the Cycles l CARBON CYCLE – photosynthesis-respiration – combustion – erosion – decomposition RIP atmosphere “bank”

50. Reviewing the Cycles l NITROGEN CYCLE – nitrogen-fixing bacteria – nitrates – decomposition – denitrification Free N 2 in Atmosphere nitrogen-fixing bacteria NITRATES RIP Organic material denitrifying bacteria

51. Cycle Interrelationships Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorusin Plants and Organisms N2N2 Fossil Fuel Combustion H2OH2O CO 2 SO 2, NO 2 Phyto- plankton Zoo- plankton Ocean Sediments Nutrient Recycling Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria Nitrates, Sulfates, Phosphates Phosphate Nitrite, Dead Organic Mattrer & Decomposers H2OH2O Urea Runoff Respiration Decomposition Transpiration

52. Works Cited l “Transpiration”. No date. Online Image. Department of Energy. June 6, 2006. www.epa.gov/ord/images/leaftransp.jpg www.epa.gov/ord/images/leaftransp.jpg l “Stomates”. No date. Online Image. Department of Energy. June 6, 2006. http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/eb/Highlights/C aOscillate/body_caoscillate.html http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/eb/Highlights/C aOscillate/body_caoscillate.html l “Animated Water Cycle”. No date. Online Image. Environmental Protection Agency. June 6, 2006. www.epa.gov/region7/kids/drnk_b.htm www.epa.gov/region7/kids/drnk_b.htm

53. Works Cited l “Animated Carbon Cycle”. No date. Online Image. National Park Service. June 6, 2006. http://www.nps.gov/olym/hand/process/cc ycle.htm http://www.nps.gov/olym/hand/process/cc ycle.htm l “Animated Nitrogen Cycle”. No date. Online Image. National Park Service. June 6, 2006. http://www.nps.gov/olym/hand/process/nc ycle.htm http://www.nps.gov/olym/hand/process/nc ycle.htm